Why Angular?

• Well defined practices - but not 100% opinionated
• Streamlined development process - mostly thanks to the CLI
• Rich ecosystem
• Emphasis on standards

The pillars of Angular

• Component driven architecture
• Unidirectional data flow
• Dependency Injection
• Observables as a backbone
• TypeScript

AngularJS 1.x

Module

Config

Routes

$scope

controller

service

view

directive

• The (main) building blocks

Angular

Module

• The (main) building blocks

Routes

Service

Component

Angular - a common pattern

Metadata - decorator

ES6 Class

Angular

Module

• The (main) building blocks

Routes

Service

Component

ES6 Modules

• ES6 modules provide organization at a language level

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
import { ItemsService, Item } from '../shared';

export class ItemsComponent implements OnInit {}

Modules export things that other modules can import

@NgModule

• Provides organization at a framework level

@NgModule({
  declarations: [
    AppComponent,
    ItemsComponent,
    ItemsListComponent,
    ItemDetailComponent
  ],
  imports: [
    BrowserModule,
    FormsModule,
    HttpModule,
    Ng2RestAppRoutingModule
  ],
  providers: [ItemsService],
  bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

define view classes that are available to the module - the other view classes in the module

define a list of other modules that the current module needs

define a list of services the module makes available

defines the component that should be bootstrapped

Angular

Module

• The (main) building blocks

Routes

Service

Component

Routes

• A route, in the simplest form, contains a path and a component reference

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { Routes, RouterModule } from '@angular/router';
import { ItemsComponent } from './items/items.component';

const routes: Routes = [
  {path: '', redirectTo: '/items', pathMatch: 'full' },
  {path: 'items', component: ItemsComponent},
  {
    path: 'widgets',
    loadChildren: '../modules/books/books.module#BooksModule',
  },
  {path: '**', redirectTo: '/items', pathMatch: 'full'}
];
@NgModule({
  imports: [RouterModule.forRoot(routes)],
  exports: [RouterModule],
  providers: []
})
export class AppRoutingModule { }

Super-easy lazy load of routes

Angular

Module

• The (main) building blocks

Routes

Service

Component

Services/Providers/Injectables

Decorator necessary only if service injects other providers

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import 'rxjs/add/operator/map';
import 'rxjs/add/operator/toPromise';

const BASE_URL = 'http://localhost:3000/items/';

@Injectable()
export class ItemsService {
  constructor(private http: Http) {}
  
  loadItems() {
    return this.http.get(BASE_URL)
      .map(res => res.json())
      .toPromise();
  }
}

Angular

Module

• The (main) building blocks

Routes

Service

Component

Components

Metadata - the @Component ​decorator 

Class

Template

Bindings

events

properties

Components

• component - "Just a class, with a decorator"

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-component',
  template: `
    <h1> Hello, {{ name }}! </h1>
    <button (click)="changeName()">CHANGE NAME</button>
  `,
})
export class AppComponent {
  name = 'Andrei';

  logGreet() {
    this.name = 'Andrew';
    console.log(`Name has been changed to ${ this.name }`);
  }
}

Angular - a common pattern

Module

Component

Provider

Directive

Pipe

metadata

metadata

metadata

metadata

metadata

class

class

class

class

class

Angular CLI

• Scaffold a full working project in 3 steps:
  • npm insall -g @angular/cli
  • ng new [project name]
  • ng serve​
• Project elements generator (components, service, etc.) that adheres to best practices (naming, structure etc.)
• Schematics for custom flows

State in Frontend Apps

State in Frontend Apps

State (in the broadest sense) is the complex of all of the values held by the application as properties or variables at any given time, and the application is conceived of as acting by executing methods/functions that change the current state to another state.

State changeing over time

• User input (event callbacks)
• Async requests 
• Timers (setInterval, setTimeout)

Application state

• Data from a remote source
  • API server responses
  • WebSocket
• User info
  • authentication details
• User input
  • form data
• UI state
  • table pagination
  • selected tabs
• Router / location state
  • current URL/route

The need for

state management

• move state management outside of components
• model the application state
• read and update state values
• observe/push state changes

Model - View - *

Problems with MVC

Unidirectional data flow - Flux

STORE

ACTION

DISPATCHER

ACTION

Unidirectional data flow - Flux

FLUX

data flow

REDUX

The 3 main principles:

• Single source of truth
  • ​one source tree inside a Store
  • helps predicatability
• State is read-only
  • ​dispatch actions to change the state (indirect change)
  • immutable update
• Pure functions update state
  • ​reducers as pure functions
    • respond to actions
    • return new state

REDUX concepts

• The single state tree
• Actions
• Reducers
• Store
• One way data flow

The single state tree

• One big JavaScript object
• The state object results from reducer composition

// initial state object

const state = {
    books: [],
    movies: [],
}

Actions

• An action is an object that has 2 properties:
  • action type - string, usually the name of the action
  • action payload [optional] - data attached to the action

// book addition action object

const action = {
    type: 'ADD_BOOK',
    payload: {
        id: 123,
        title: '1984',
        author: 'George Orwell',
        read: false,
    },
};

• Actions are dispatched to reducers

Reducers

• They're just (pure) functions
  • Receive the action object as a parameter
  • Use the action type and payload to compose and return the new state
  • reducers as pure functions are super easy to test

Reducers

// reducer function

function booksReducer(state, action) {
    switch(action.type) {
        case 'ADD_BOOK':
            const newBook = action.payload;
            const books = [ 
                ...state.books,
                newBook
            ];
            return {
                ...state,
                books,
            }
        break;
        ...
    }
}

new state

Store

• A container for state
• Use it in components:
  • subscribe to parts of the store state
  • dispatch actions to it
• Takes care of data flow:
  • invoke reducers with previous state and action
    • composes new state
    • notifies subscribers

One way data flow

STATE

COMPONENT

REDUCER

STORE

dispatches

sent to

returns new

update -> render

One way data flow

Let's build our own!

https://github.com/andrei-antal/VoxxedDays2018Bucharest_ReduxDemo/

NgRX

A reactive state management library

• made of Angular
• based on Redux principles
• written with Observables

Main benefits

• better patterns for managing data flow in you application 
• tooling (redux dev tools)
• testability

NgRX

ngrx/store is a package that we can install from npm

npm install @ngrx/store --save

Other packages augment the functionalities of the library

Smart and dumb components

Container components

• uses (injects) the Store
• dispatches actions to the store
• reads data from the store

Presentational components

• Not aware of store and does not dispatch actions
• Reads all data it needs from @Inputs
• Signals events to parent via @Outputs

Smart and dumb components

Container Component

Dumb Component

Dumb Component

STORE

@Output

@Output

@Input

@Input

Dispatch

Select

Including ngrx in our project

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core'
import { StoreModule } from '@ngrx/store';
import { todosReducer } from './todos';

@NgModule({
  imports: [
    BrowserModule,
    StoreModule.forRoot({ todos: todosReducer })
  ]
})
export class AppModule {}

• only used once, for the root module
• for a feature or lazily loaded modules, we should use the forFeature static method

Actions

import { Action } from '@ngrx/store';
import { Book } from './model/book';


export const LOAD_BOOKS = '[Books] Load books';
export const ADD_BOOK = '[Books] Add book';


export class LoadBooks implements Action {
  type = LOAD_BOOKS;
}


export class AddBook implements Action {
  type = ADD_BOOK;
  constructor(public payload: Book) {}
}

Action types

export class AddBook implements Action {
  type = 'ADD_BOOK';
  constructor(public payload: Book) {}
}

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vX2vG0o-rpM

• Commands

export class Books implements Action {
  type = 'BOOKS';
  constructor(public payload: Book[]) {}
}

• Documents

export class BooksLoaded implements Action {
  type = 'BOOKS_LOADED';
  constructor(public payload: any) {}
}

• Events

Dispatch actions

import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { Store } from '@ngrx/store';

import { AddBook } from './store.actions';
import { Book } from './model/book';


@Component({
 selector: 'books',
 templateUrl: './books.component.html'
})
class BooksComponent {
  constructor(private store: Store<any>) {}

  addBook(title: string, author: string) {
    
    this.store.dispatch(
      new AddBook(new Book(title, author))
    );
  } 
}

Reducers

export interface BookaState {
  books: Book[];
  loading: boolean;
}

export const initialState: BookaState = {
  books: [],
  loading: false,
};

export function reducer(state = initialState, action): BookaState {
  switch (action.type) {
    case LOAD_BOOKS: {
      return {
        ...state,
        loading: true,
      };
    }
    case ADD_BOOK: {
      return {
        ...state,
        books: [...state.books, action.payload],
      };
    }
  }
  return state;
}

Selectors

@Component({
  selector: 'books',
  template: `
      <div class="book" *ngFor="let book of books$ | async">
        <span>{{book.title}}</span> - <span>{{book.author}}</span>
      </div>
  `
})
class TodosComponent {
  public books$: Observable<Book[]>;
  
  constructor(private store: Store<any>) {
    this.books$ = store.select('books');
  }
  ...
}

Advanced selectors

export interface BookState {
  data: Book[];
  loading: boolean;
  error: any;
}

export interface BooksState {
  books: BookState;
}



export const getBooks = (state: BookState): Book[] => state.data;

export const getProductsState 
  = createFeatureSelector<BooksState>('booksFeature');

export const getBooksState = createSelector(
  getProductsState,
  (state: BooksState): BookState => state.books,
);

export const getAllBooks = createSelector<BooksState, BookState, Book[]>(
  getBooksState,
  getBooks,
);

Advanced selectors

import { BooksState, getAllBooks } from './books.reducers';

@Component({
  selector: 'books-component',
  template: `
   <book-item *ngFor="let book of books$ | async" [book]="book">
   </book-item>
  `
})
export class BooksComponent implements OnInit {
  books$: Observable<Book[]>;

  constructor(private store: Store<BooksState>) {}

  ngOnInit() {
    this.books$ = this.store.select(getAllBooks);
  }
}

Data flow

Component

Action

Reducer

State

dispatch

new state

render

STORE

sent to

Data flow - with side effects

Component

Action

Reducer

State

dispatch

new state

render

STORE

sent to

EFFECTS

EFFECT

SERVICE

Action

Effects

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { Actions, Effect } from '@ngrx/effects';

import { of } from 'rxjs/observable/of';
import { concatMap, map, catchError } from 'rxjs/operators';

@Injectable()
class BooksEffects {
  constructor(private actions$: Actions, private http: Http) {}
 
  @Effect()
  addBook$ = this.actions$.ofType('ADD_BOOK').pipe(
    concatMap(book => 
      this.http.post('api/book', book)
        .pipe(
           map(responseBook => 
             ({type: 'BOOK_ADDED', payload: responseBook}),
           catchError(error => 
             of({type: 'BOOK_ADD_FAIL', payload: error}))
        )
    )
  );
}

"message bus"

Effects - reducer

export interface BookState {
  books: Book[];
  loading: boolean;
  error: boolean;
}

export const initialState: BookState = {
  books: [],
  loading: false,
  error: undefined,
};

export function reducer(state = initialState, action): BookState {
  switch (action.type) {
    case ADD_BOOK: {
      return { ...state, error: undefined, loading: true };
    }
    case BOOK_ADDED: {
      return { ...state, loading: false, books: [...state.books, action.payload] };
    }
    case BOOK_ADD_FAIL: {
      return { ...state, error: action.payload, loading: false };
    }
  }
  return state;
}

Commands and events

@Injectable()
class TodosEffects {
  constructor(private actions$: Actions, private http: Http) {}
  


  @Effect() 
  addBook$ = this.actions$.ofType('ADD_BOOK')
    .pipe(
      concatMap(book => this.http.post('api/book', book)
        .pipe(
          map(() => ({type: 'BOOK_ADDED', payload: book}))
        )
    );
}


function booksReducer(state: Book[] = [], action: any): Book[] {
  switch (action.type) {
    case('BOOK_ADDED') {
      return [...books, action.payload];
    }
  }
  return todos;
}

This action is not handled in the reducer, it's dispatched just for the effect

Store

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vX2vG0o-rpM

Credits to:

Effect classes

Effect classes

Effect deciders examples

class BooksEffects {
  constructor(private actions: Actions, private env: Env) {}
  
  @Effect()
  addBook = this.actions.typeOf('ADD_BOOK').pipe(map(addBook => {
    if (this.env.confirmationIsOn) {
      return ({type: 'ADD_BOOK_WITH_CONFIRMATION', payload: addBook.payload});
    } else {
      return ({type: 'ADD_BOOK_WITHOUT_CONFIRMATION', payload: addBook.payload});
    }
  });
}

• Context-Based Decider​

class TodosEffects {
  constructor(private actions: Actions) {}
  
  @Effect()
  addBook = this.actions.typeOf('REQUEST_ADD_BOOK').pipe(flatMap(add => [
    {type: 'ADD_BOOK', payload: add.payload},
    {type: 'LOG_OPERATION', payload: {loggedAction: 'ADD_BOOK', payload: add.payload}}
  ]);
}

• Splitter

Action Transformers example

class BooksEffects {
  constructor(private actions$: Actions, private currentUser: User) {}

  @Effect() 
  addBook$ = this.actions$.ofType('ADD_BOOK').pipe(
    map(add => ({
      action: 'ADD_BOOK_BY_USER',
      payload: {...add.payload, user: this.currentUser}
    }))
  );
}

• Content Enricher

ngrx advanced stuff

• ngrx/router
• state preload with route guards
• advanced redux dev tools
• selector and state composition
• testing