Inheritance
Advanced Programming
SUT • Spring 2019
Outline
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Inheritance
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Class Hierarchies
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is-a relationship
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UML Class Diagram
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protected members
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Abstract Methods
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super keyword
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Initialization in inheritance
Introduction to Inheritance
Class Hierarchies
Class Hierarchies (2)
Class Hierarchies (3)
General and Specific Types
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Faculty and Employee are both classes
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Faculty is a more specific type of Employee
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Employee is a more general type of Faculty
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A Faculty instance is also a Employee instance
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Dr. Felani is a faculty member
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He is also an employee of university
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is-a Relationship
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More general class : Superclass
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More specific class : Subclass
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Subclass is inherited from superclass
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Faculty is inherited from Employee
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Rectangle is inherited from Shape
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A rectangle is also a shape
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Cat is inherited from Animal
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Maloos is a cat, she is also an animal
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Inheritance (2)
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Name some other hierarchies…
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Note: More specific type is also a class
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Not an object
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Ali Karimi is not a more specific type of FootballPlayer
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He is an object
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Not a class
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Class Implementation
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How do you implement Employee class?
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How do you implement Faculty class?
Sample
public class Employee {
private int salary;
private Date birthDate;
public void setName(String name) {
// ....
}
public void setNationalID(String id) {
// ....
}
public Date getBirthDate() {
return birthDate;
}
public int getSalary() {
return salary;
}
}
Sample
public class Faculty {
private int salary;
private Date birthDate;
public void setName(String name) {
// ....
}
public void setNationalID(String id) {
// ....
}
public Date getBirthDate() {
return birthDate;
}
public int getSalary() {
return salary;
}
// Faculty variables and methods
private Course[] courses;
public Course[] getOfferedCourses(){
return courses;
}
}
Inheritance in OOP
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Java offers inheritance
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like any object oriented programming language
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Inheritance is used for implementing more specific classes
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Duplicate code is eliminated
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Inheritance provides code reuse
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is-a relationship
Faculty & Employee
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Faculty is inherited from Employee
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Faculty extends Employee
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Attributes and behaviors of Employee is inherited to Faculty
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Inheritance provides code reuse
public class Faculty extends Employee{
// Faculty variables and methods
private Course[] courses;
public Course[] getOfferedCourses(){
return courses;
}
}
UML Class Diagram
UML Class Diagram
Sample
class Shape {
int color;
int positionX, positionY;
}
class Circle extends Shape {
private int radius;
public double getArea() {
return 3.14 * radius * radius;
}
}
class Rectangle extends Shape {
private int width, length;
public double getArea() {
return width * length;
}
}
Terminology
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Class Rectangle is inherited from class Shape
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Rectangle is a subclass of Shape
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Rectangle is a child of Shape
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Rectangle is a derived class of Shape
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Shape is the super-class of Rectangle
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Shape is the parent of Rectangle
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Shape is the base-class of Rectangle
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Rectangle is-a Shape
Inheritance in java
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Every class is inherited from class Object
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Primitive-types are not objects
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Object class has some operations
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equals()
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toString()
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…
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Every class adds some operations
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And may changes some operations
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toString()
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Inheritance
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Software reusability
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Create new class from existing class
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Absorb existing class’s data and behaviors
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Enhance with new capabilities
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Subclass extends superclass.
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Subclass:
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More specialized group of objects
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Behaviors inherited from superclass
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Or changed and customized
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Additional behaviors
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Class Hierarchy
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Direct superclass
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Inherited explicitly (one level up hierarchy)
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Indirect superclass
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Inherited two or more levels up hierarchy
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Single inheritance
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Inherits from one superclass
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Multiple inheritance
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Inherits from multiple superclasses
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Java does not support multiple inheritance
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is-a relationship
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Object of subclass “is a” object of super-class
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Example: Rectangle is quadrilateral.
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Class Rectangle inherits from class Quadrilateral
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Quadrilateral: superclass
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Rectangle: subclass
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Superclass typically represents larger set of objects than subclasses
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superclass: Vehicle
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subclass: Car
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Smaller, more-specific subset of vehicles
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More Examples
Superclass | Subclass |
---|---|
Student | GraduteStudent, UnderGraduateStudent |
Shape | Circle, Triangle, Rectangle |
Loan | CarLoan, HomeImprovementLoan, MortgageLoan |
Employee | Faculty, Staff |
BankAccount | CheckingAccount, SavingAccount |
Subclasses may…
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Add new functionality
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New members
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Use inherited functionality
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Software reuse
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Override inherited functionality
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Change parent methods
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Software reuse
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Software reuse is at the heart of inheritance
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Using existing software components to create new ones
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Capitalize on all the effort that went into the
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design
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implementation
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and testing of the existing software
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Bad smell
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Avoid Copy & Paste!
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Avoid Copy & Paste!
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Avoid Copy & Paste!
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Avoid Copy & Paste!
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Avoid Copy & Paste!
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Avoid Copy & Paste!
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Avoid Copy & Paste!
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Please, Avoid Copy & Paste!
Sample
public class Person {
private String name;
private Long nationalID;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Long getNationalID() {
return nationalID;
}
public void setNationalID(Long nationalID) {
this.nationalID = nationalID;
}
public void show() {
System.out.println("example.Person: name=" + name
+ ",nationalID=" + nationalID);
}
}
Sample
class Student extends Person {
private String studentID;
public void setStudentID(String studentID) {
this.studentID = studentID;
}
public String getStudentID() {
return studentID;
}
public void takeCourse(Course course) {
}
public void show() {
System.out.println("example.Student: name=" + getName()
+ ",nationalID=" + getNationalID()
+ ",studentID=" + studentID);
}
}
new properties
new methods (more behaviour)
change parrent methods (override)
Sample
Person p1 = new Person();
p1.setName("Ali Alavi");
p1.setNationalID(1498670972L);
p1.show();
Student st = new Student();
st.setName("Ali Alavi");
st.setNationalID(1498670972L);
st.setStudentID("89072456");
st.show();
Defined in parent
Added in child
Changed in child
More About Inheritance
Abstract Behaviors
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Does any animal swim?
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No. So “to swim” is not a behavior of animals.
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Any animal has a voice
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“to talk” is a behavior of animals
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But what is the voice of an animal?
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How does an animal “talk”?
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It depends to the specific type of animal
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Dog: Hop! Hop!
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Cat: Mewww!
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Abstract Behaviors (2)
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“talk” is an abstract behaviour of Animal
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All animals can “talk”
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But we can not specify how an animal talks
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It depends to the specific class of animal
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“talk” is a concrete behaviour of Dog
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Hop! Hop!
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“swim” is not a behaviour of Animal
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All animals can not swim
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“swim” is a concrete behaviour of Fish
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Remember Shape Classes
Sample
public class Circle {
private double radius;
public double getRadius() {
return radius;
}
public void setRadius(double radius) {
this.radius = radius;
}
public double getArea() {
return Math.pow(radius, 2) * Math.PI;
}
public double getPerimeter() {
return 2 * radius * Math.PI;
}
}
Sample
public class Rectangle {
private double width, length;
public double getWidth() {
return width;
}
public void setWidth(double width) {
this.width = width;
}
public double getLength() {
return length;
}
public void setLength(double length) {
this.length = length;
}
public double getArea() {
return length * width;
}
public double getPerimeter() {
return 2 * (length + width);
}
}
Sample
public class Square {
private double length;
public double getLength() {
return length;
}
public void setLength(double length) {
this.length = length;
}
public double getArea() {
return length * length;
}
public double getPerimeter() {
return 4 * length;
}
}
Shapes Example
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Shape is an abstract class
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Some methods are undefined in Shape
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Some methods should be defined in sub-classes
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getArea()
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getPerimeter()
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These methods are abstract methods
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Remember abstract behaviours
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Abstract Methods
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Shape classes
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getArea()
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draw()
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Animals
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Talk()
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getName()
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is not abstract!
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How do you implement an abstract method?
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We can implement these methods by simple dummy operations
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Better way : abstract methods
Abstract Methods (2)
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abstract method: no implementation
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A class containing abstract methods: an abstract class
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You can not instantiate abstract classes
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Why?
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If a sub-class do not implement the abstract method
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It will be abstract too
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Animal Example
abstract class Animal {
private String name;
protected Animal(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return this.name;
}
public abstract String talk();
}
Animal Example
public class Cat extends Animal {
public Cat(String name) {
super(name);
}
public String talk() {
return "Meowww";
}
}
Access modifier in inheritance
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You can not override a public method as a private method
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Why?
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It violates the “is-a” rule
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You can not reduce accessibility of methods in subclasses
Accessibility of Members
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Subclass has access to public members of parent class
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Public methods and properties are accessible in subclass
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Student used getName() and getStudentID()
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Private members are not accessible in subclass
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Student has no access to name and studentID properties
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What if you want to let subclasses access a member, but not other classes?
Protected Members
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Intermediate level of protection between public and packaged
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protected members accessible by
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subclass members
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Class members in the same package
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protected members are also package accessible
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friendly
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Protected variables and methods are shown with a # symbol in UML diagrams
Protected Members
Access Levels
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Public
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Accessible by all classes
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Protected
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Accessible by subclasses
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Accessible by classes of the same package
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Package access (friendly)
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Accessible by classes of the same package
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Private
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No access
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super Keyword
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Access to parent members
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The super reference can be used to refer to the parent class
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super.f() invokes f() from parent class
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Why we need it?
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When the method is overridden in subclass
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super is also used to invoke the parent's constructor
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Application of super Keyword
class Student extends Person{
public void show(){
super.show();
System.out.println(",studentID=" + studentID);
}
}
Practice
class A {
public int a;
}
public class B extends A {
private in a;
public void f() {
int a;
this.a = 5;
super.a = 6;
a = 4;
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(this.a);
System.out.println(super.a);
}
public static void main(String[] args){
new B().f();
}
}
Object class methods
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equals()
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toString()
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finalize()
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…
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We can override these methods in our classes
Multiple Inheritance
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Java supports single inheritance
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Derived class can have only one parent class
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Multiple inheritance allows a class to be derived from two or more classes
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inheriting the members of all parents
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Collisions, such as the same variable name in two parents, have to be resolved
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Java does not support multiple inheritance
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The use of interfaces usually gives us aspects of multiple inheritance without the overhead
Initialization
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Constructors are not inherited
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even though they have public visibility
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We often want to use the parent's constructor to set up the "parent's part" of the object
super("Ali");
Constructors
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A child’s constructor is responsible for calling the parent’s constructor
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It is done using super keyword
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The first statement of a child’s constructor should be the super reference to call the parent constructor
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Otherwise, default constructor is implicitly invoked
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If default constructor does not exist? (how?!)
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A syntax error
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You should explicitly call an appropriate parent constructor
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Sample
class Person {
private String name;
private Long nationalID;
public Person(String name, Long nationalID) {
this.name = name;
this.nationalID = nationalID;
}
}
class Student extends Person {
private String studentID;
public Student(String name, Long naID, String stID) {
super(name, naID);
this.studentID = stID;
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person p1 = new Person();
System.out.println(p1.toString());
Student st = new Student("Ali Alavi", 1498670972L, "89072456");
}
}
Order of initialization
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Once per class
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Static variable declaration of parent
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Static block of parent
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Static variable declaration
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Static block
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Once per object
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variable declaration of parent
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Initialization block of parent
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Constructor of parent
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variable declaration
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Initialization block
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Constructor
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Practice
public class Parent {
static int a = A();
static{
a=B();
}
int b = E();
{
b = F();
}
public Parent(){
b = G();
}
}
class Child extends Parent{
static int c = C();
static{
c=D();
}
int b = H();
{
b = I();
}
public Child(){
b = J();
}
}
What happens if we invoke: new Child();
Title Text
Inheritance
By Behnam Hatami
Inheritance
Inheritance / Advanced Programming Course @ SUT, Spring 2019
- 1,225