Caleb Gallemore
Assistant Professor of Environmental Policy at Northeastern Illinois University
Law and Regulation
Policy Process
History of US Environmental Regulation
Regulation in Theoretical Perspective
Background: Geissinger, LBJ Online Photo Archive, Wikimedia, 1967
The Policy Process
Most policies go through a relatively
similar series of steps:
Agenda Setting
Introducing a new environmental concern
to political discussion
Background: Wikimedia, 1970
POlicy Formulation
Designing policy goals and methods
Background: Harris & Ewing, Library of Congress, Wikimedia, 1927
Policy Legitimation
Getting political support
Formal establishment of policy
Policy implementation
Background: EPA, National Archives, Wikimedia, 1974
Policy Evaluation
Monitoring and evaluating implementation and effects
Background: Souza, White House, Wikimedia, 2013
Policy Change
Right back where we started
History of US Environmental Regulation
Background: Underwood and Underwood, Wikimedia, 1906
Preservationist/Conservationist Movement
The Environmental Decade (1970s)
National Environmental Policy Act (1969)
Clean Air Act (1970)
Clean Water Act (1972)
Endangered Species Act (1973)
The Reagan Years
Background: Reagan Library, Wikimedia, 1984
After Reagan: THe Regulation
Debate
Background: Wikimedia, 2006
Thinking about Regulation
The big tradeoff:
Mandate that the externality be stopped
versus:
Government information problem
Background: Breugel the Younger, Wikimedia, 1621
Why Regulate? (Salzman and Thompson, 2007)
- Stop problems before they happen, unlike court action
- Avoid information problem of who caused pollution
-
Simplicity: regulated individuals either adhered to regulations or not
Ways to Regulate (Bennear and Coglianese, 2013)
- Means standards: require a specific technique when doing something
- Easy to monitor, but no incentive to innovate or reduce output
- Best when monitoring costs are high and there is clearly superior available tech (Sterner and Coria, 2012)
- Performance standards: set a goal but allow those regulated to figure out how to achieve it
- Encourages innovation/output reduction, but hard to monitor (Sterner and Coria, 2012)
-
Meta-means standards: require specific fact-finding/management procedures early in a decision making process
Background: Monet, Wikimedia, 2011
Law and Regulation
By Caleb Gallemore
Law and Regulation
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