Scala

Object Oriented

Functional

Scalable language

  • Most of it is defined on the libraries but not in the language
var capital = Map("US" -> "Washington", "France" -> "Paris")

capital += ("Japan" -> "Tokyo")

println(capital("France"))

Scalable language

  • Most of it is defined on the libraries but not in the language
def factorial(x: BigInt): BigInt =
  if (x == 0) 1 else x * factorial(x - 1)

// factorial(30) = 265252859812191058636308480000000: BigInt

SCALABLE LANGUAGE

  • Big integers
  • Big decimals
  • Complex numbers
  • Rational numbers
  • Confidence intervals
  • Polynomials

Scale the language

Bazaar vs cathedral metaphor

Java compatibility

  • Most of it is defined on the libraries but not in the language
import java.math.BigInteger

def factorial(x: BigInteger): BigInteger =
  if (x == BigInteger.ZERO)
    BigInteger.ONE
  else
    x.multiply(factorial(x.subtract(BigInteger.ONE)))

BigInt, Int, and basic types are wrapped around Java's classes

Object oriented

all but the most trivial programs need some sort of structure. The most straightforward way to do this is to put data and operations into some form of containers.

object oriented

Every value is an object and every operation is a method call

val x: Int = 3
val y = 3 + 5 // Int + Int
val z = (v: Int) => v + 4 // Functions are Function objects

Functional

Functions are first class members

List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).foreach(println)

def myFunction(f: Int => Int, v: Int) = {
  f(v)
}

def insideFunction(x: Int) = {
    x * 2
}

myFunction(insideFunction, 8) // 16

Functional

Immutability: Operations should map input values into output values

val x = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

val y = x.map( n => n * 2 )

println(x) // List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
println(y) // List(2, 4, 6, 8, 10)

Concise

Java

// this is Java
class MyClass {
    private int index;
    private String name;

    public MyClass(int index, String name) {
        this.index = index;
        this.name = name;
    }
}

Concise

Scala

class MyClass(index: Int, name: String)

High Level

Java

boolean nameHasUpperCase = false; // this is Java
for (int i = 0; i < name.length(); ++i) {
    if (Character.isUpperCase(name.charAt(i))) {
        nameHasUpperCase = true;
        break;
    }
}

High level

Scala

val nameHasUpperCase = name.exists(_.isUpper)

Statically typed

  • Better context help at the IDEs and at compilation time!
  • Safe refactoring
  • Verifiable properties
val list/*: List[Int]*/ = List/*[Int]*/(1, 3, 5, 7, 10)

val x = list.map( (n/*Int*/) => n * 2 )

HANDS
ON

With Scala
(below)

Run the scala shell

In a terminal, Run (WITHOUT $)

$ scala

Basic types

1 // Int

1.444 // Double

true // Boolean

"Hello, Scala!" // String

Compound operations

(1 + 2) * 3

Method calls

"Hello, Scala!".size

1.to(10) // 1 to 10

Operators are just methods with symbolic names

Text

3 + 2 == 3.+(2)

Naming things

val radius = 10
val pi = 3.14159

pi * radius * radius

Methods

def square(x: Double) = x * x

square(3.0) // = ???

// Multiple parameters

def sumOfSquares(x: Double, y: Double) = square(x) + square(y)

CONDITIONALS

def abs(x: Int) = if (x >= 0) x else -x

// or

def abs2(x: Int) = {
  if (x >= 0) {
    x
  } else {
    -x
  }
}

Exercise:
https://www.scala-exercises.org/scala_tutorial/functional_loops

Structures

val list = List("1", "2", "3", "4") // List[String]

val myMap = Map(
  1 -> "one", 
  2 -> "two", 
  3 -> "three")

val seq = Seq("1", "2", "3", "4") // Seq[String]
val range = 1 to 5

Transformations (Map)

val list = List(1, 2, 3, 4)

// Map
list.map(x => x * 2) // List(2, 4, 6, 8)

Transformations (FILTER)

val list = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

// Filter
list.filter(x => x < 4)

Transformations

  • All of them return a new List (Immutability)
  • Create a method that checks returns all the odd numbers between (inclusive) two given numbers l and k 
def getOdds(l: Int, k: Int): List[Int] = {
    ??? // All of your code here
}

getOdds(1, 10) // Should be 1, 3, 5, 7, 9

Classes

class Dog(val name: String) {
  def bark = println("Woof woof")
  def call = println("Comming!")
}

val dog = new Dog("Pablito")

traits, classes, Case classes and Objects

case class Person(fullName: String, age: Int)

object Person {
  private val king = Person("Tomas", 39)
  def recognizeActualKing = king.fullNAme
}

Scala

By Camilo Sampedro

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Scala

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