/**
 * 30.09.2018
 * #include/linux/sched.h
 * 618 lines.
 */
struct task_struct {
	struct thread_info		thread_info;
	volatile long			state;
	void				*stack;
	atomic_t			usage;
	unsigned int			cpu;
	int				prio;
	struct mm_struct		*mm;
	int				exit_state;
	int				exit_code;
	int				exit_signal;
	pid_t				pid;
	struct task_struct              *parent;
	struct list_head		children;
	u64				start_time;
	const struct cred		*cred;
	struct files_struct		*files;
	struct thread_struct		thread;
};

vladislav$ ps aux
USER  PID  %CPU %MEM      VSZ    RSS   TT  STAT STARTED      TIME COMMAND
root    1   0,0  0,1  4373080  15616   ??  Ss   31авг18  90:58.65 /sbin/launchd

vladislav$ ps aux
USER       PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND
root         1  0.0  0.2 160256  9636 ?        Ss   окт05   0:06 /sbin/init

void test_f() {
        static int a = 100;
}

const char *b = NULL;
long c[3] = {1, 2, 3};
static int d = 200;

void test_f() {
        static int a;
}

const char *b;
long c[3];
static int d;

void
free(void *ptr);

void *
malloc(size_t size);

void *
brk(const void *addr);

brk();

malloc();

mmap();

dlopen();

/**
 * 08.10.2018
 * 162 lines.
 */
struct mm_struct {
	struct vm_area_struct *mmap;
	unsigned long task_size;

	unsigned long start_code, end_code;
        unsigned long start_data, end_data;
	unsigned long start_brk, brk;
        unsigned long start_stack;
	unsigned long arg_start, arg_end;
        unsigned long env_start, env_end;
};

int uninitialized;

const char *str = "const char *str";
const char str2[] = "const char str2[]";

void
test_stack()
{
	int a;
	printf("stack top in test_stack: %p\n", &a);
	const char *str3 = "const char *str3";
	const char str4[] = "const char str4[]";
	char str5[] = "char str5[]";
	char b = 'x';
	char c = 'x';
	char d = 'x';
	int e = 32;
	int f = 64;
	int g = 128;
	printf("a = %d\n", a);
	a = 10;
}

int main()
{
	int a = 20;
	printf("stack top in main: %p\n", &a);
	test_stack();
	test_stack();
	return 0;
}

const char *s = "abc";



const char s[] = "abc";



char s[] = "abc";

s = "cde";

s[0] = 'c';

int uninitialized;

const char *str = "const char *str";
const char str2[] = "const char str2[]";

void
test_stack()
{
	int a;
	printf("stack top in test_stack: %p\n", &a);
	const char *str3 = "const char *str3";
	const char str4[] = "const char str4[]";
	char str5[] = "char str5[]";
	char b = 'x';
	char c = 'x';
	char d = 'x';
	int e = 32;
	int f = 64;
	int g = 128;
	printf("a = %d\n", a);
	a = 10;
}

int main()
{
	int a = 20;
	printf("stack top in main: %p\n", &a);
	test_stack();
	test_stack();
	return 0;
}

vladislav$> gcc -c 2_proc_memory.c -o obj.o

int main()
{
	int fd_me = open("3_fs_proc.c", O_RDONLY);
	char *shared_mem = (char *) mmap(NULL, 100, PROT_READ,
					 MAP_FILE | MAP_SHARED, fd_me, 0);
	char buf[128];

	sprintf(buf, "/proc/%d/maps", (int) getpid());
	int fd = open(buf, O_RDONLY);
	printf("print %s\n", buf);
	if (fd == -1) {
		printf("exit %s\n", strerror(errno));
		exit(1);
	}
	int nbyte;
	while ((nbyte = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0)
		printf("%.*s", nbyte, buf);
	printf("\n");
	close(fd);
	munmap(shared_mem, 100);
	close(fd_me);
	return 0;
}

vladislav$> gcc 3_fs_proc.c

struct vm_area_struct {
	unsigned long vm_start;
	unsigned long vm_end;
	unsigned long vm_flags;
	struct file * vm_file;
	void * vm_private_data;
};

int main()
{
	char *shared_mem = (char *) mmap(NULL, 100, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
					 MAP_ANON | MAP_SHARED, -1, 0);
	char *private_mem = (char *) malloc(100);
	shared_mem[0] = 55;
	private_mem[0] = 55;
	if (fork() == 0) {
		shared_mem[0] = 56;
		private_mem[0] = 56;
		goto exit;
	}
	wait(NULL);
	printf("shared: %d, private: %d\n", (int) shared_mem[0],
	       (int) private_mem[0]);
exit:
	munmap(shared_mem, 100);
	free(private_mem);
	return 0;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
{
	char *path = getenv("PATH");
	printf("env: %p\n", path);
	printf("argv: %p\n", argv);
	int a;
	printf("stack: %p\n", &a);
	void *m = malloc(100);
	printf("heap: %p\n", m);
	free(m);

	int i = 0;
	while (env[i] != NULL)
		printf("%s\n", env[i++]);
	return 0;
}

vladislav$> gcc 5_argv_env.c

vladislav$> ./a.out
env: 0x7ffda1c1ae8f
argv: 0x7ffda1c194f8
stack: 0x7ffda1c193f0
heap: 0x555d856c5670
LC_PAPER=ru_RU.UTF-8
LC_MONETARY=ru_RU.UTF-8
XDG_MENU_PREFIX=gnome-
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
DISPLAY=:0
GNOME_SHELL_SESSION_MODE=ubuntu
PWD=/home/vladislav
HOME=/home/vladislav

...

Contents of section .debug_info:
 0000 8f030000 04000000 00000801 00000000  ................
 0010 0c000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................
 0020 00110100 00000000 00000000 00020000  ................
Contents of section .debug_abbrev:
 0000 01110125 0e130b03 0e1b0e11 01120710  ...%............
 0010 17000002 1600030e 3a0b3b0b 49130000  ........:.;.I...
 0020 0324000b 0b3e0b03 0e000004 24000b0b  .$...>......$...
Contents of section .debug_aranges:
 0000 2c000000 02000000 00000800 00000000  ,...............
 0010 00000000 00000000 11010000 00000000  ................
 0020 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................
Contents of section .debug_line:
 0000 e0000000 0200b300 00000101 fb0e0d00  ................
 0010 01010101 00000001 0000012f 7573722f  .........../usr/
 0020 6c69622f 6763632f 7838365f 36342d6c  lib/gcc/x86_64-l
 0030 696e7578 2d676e75 2f372f69 6e636c75  inux-gnu/7/inclu
 0040 6465002f 7573722f 696e636c 7564652f  de./usr/include/
 0050 7838365f 36342d6c 696e7578 2d676e75  x86_64-linux-gnu
Contents of section .debug_str:
 0000 5f5f6f66 665f7400 5f494f5f 72656164  __off_t._IO_read
 0010 5f707472 005f6368 61696e00 73697a65  _ptr._chain.size
 0020 5f74005f 73686f72 74627566 00474e55  _t._shortbuf.GNU
 0030 20433131 20372e33 2e30202d 6d74756e   C11 7.3.0 -mtun
 0040 653d6765 6e657269 63202d6d 61726368  e=generic -march
 0050 3d783836 2d363420 2d67202d 66737461  =x86-64 -g -fsta
 0060 636b2d70 726f7465 63746f72 2d737472  ck-protector-str
 0070 6f6e6700 5f494f5f 325f315f 73746465  ong._IO_2_1_stde

struct task_struct {
        /* ... */
        struct files_struct *files;
        /* ... */
};

struct files_struct {
	struct fdtable *fdt;
};

struct fdtable {
	unsigned int max_fds;
	struct file **fd;
};

struct file {
	struct path	  f_path;
	struct inode	  *f_inode;
	atomic_long_t	  f_count;
	unsigned int 	  f_flags;
	fmode_t		  f_mode;
	loff_t		  f_pos;
	const struct cred *f_cred;
};

#define STDIN_FILENO 0
#define STDOUT_FILENO 1
#define STDERR_FILENO 2

int main()
{
	char buf[] = "write to 1\n";
	write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, sizeof(buf));
	printf("stdout fileno = %d\n", STDOUT_FILENO);
	return 0;
}

stdout
fd1

fd1
stdout

int main()
{
	int fd = open("tmp.txt", O_RDWR | O_CREAT, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
	pid_t pid = getpid();
	printf("press any key to write my pid %d\n", (int) pid);
	getchar();

	dprintf(fd, "%d ", (int) pid);
	close(fd);
	return 0;
}

int
dup(int fildes);

int
dup2(int fildes, int fildes2);

fd1
fd2

pos   = 0
count = 2

fd2 = dup(fd1);

int main()
{
	int fd = open("tmp.txt", O_RDWR | O_CREAT, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
	int fd2 = dup(fd);
	dprintf(fd2, "1 ");
	close(fd2);
	dprintf(fd, "2 ");
	close(fd);
	return 0;
}

fd1

fd2

pos   = 0
count = 2

int
pipe(int fildes[2]);

fd[0]
fd[1]

pos   = 0
count = 1
flags = read

pos   = 0
count = 1
flags = write

int main()
{
	int to_parent[2];
	int to_child[2];
	pipe(to_child);
	pipe(to_parent);
	char buf[16];
	if (fork() == 0) {
		close(to_parent[0]);
		close(to_child[1]);
		read(to_child[0], buf,
                     sizeof(buf));
		printf("%d: read %s\n",
                       (int) getpid(), buf);
		write(to_parent[1], "hello2",
                      sizeof("hello2"));
		return 0;
	}
	close(to_parent[1]);
	close(to_child[0]);
	write(to_child[1], "hello1",
              sizeof("hello"));
	read(to_parent[0], buf, sizeof(buf));
	printf("%d: read %s\n", (int) getpid(),
               buf);
	wait(NULL);
	return 0;
}

to_parent[0]
to_parent[1]
to_child[0]
to_child[1]

pos   = 0
count = 2
flags = read

to_parent[0]
to_parent[1]
to_child[0]
to_child[1]

pos   = 0
count = 2
flags = write

pos   = 0
count = 2
flags = read

pos   = 0
count = 2
flags = write

int main()
{
	int to_child[2];
	pipe(to_child);
	char buf[16];
	dup2(to_child[0], 0);
	if (fork() == 0) {
		close(to_child[1]);
		int n;
		scanf("%d", &n);
		printf("%d: read %d\n", (int) getpid(), n);
		return 0;
	}
	close(to_child[0]);
	write(to_child[1], "100", sizeof("100"));
	wait(NULL);
	return 0;
}

int main()
{
	int to_child[2];
	pipe(to_child);
	char buf[16];
	dup2(to_child[0], 0);
	if (fork() == 0) {
		close(to_child[1]);
		return execlp("python3", "python3", "-i", NULL);
	}
	close(to_child[0]);
	const char cmd[] = "print(100 + 200)";
	write(to_child[1], cmd, sizeof(cmd));
	close(to_child[1]);
	wait(NULL);
	return 0;
}

int
execl(const char *path, const char *arg0, ...);

int
execle(const char *path, const char *arg0, ...);

int
execlp(const char *file, const char *arg0, ...);

int
execv(const char *path, char *const argv[]);

int
execvp(const char *file, char *const argv[]);

int
execvP(const char *file, const char *search_path, char *const argv[]);

int main()
{
	int a = 1;
	int b = 2;
	char buffer[100];
	buffer[0] = 3;
	buffer[50] = 4;
	buffer[10000] = 5;
	return 0;
}

vladislav$> ulimit -c unlimited

vladislav$> gcc -g 13_core_dump.c

vladislav$> ./a.out
Segmentation fault: 11 (core dumped)

.long sys_ni_syscall	/* old ulimit syscall holder */
.long sys_ni_syscall	/* sys_olduname */
.long sys_umask			/* 60 */
.long sys_chroot
.long sys_ustat
.long sys_dup2
.long sys_getppid
.long sys_getpgrp		/* 65 */
.long sys_setsid
.long sys_sigaction
.long sys_sgetmask
.long sys_ssetmask
.long sys_setreuid16		/* 70 */
.long sys_setregid16
.long sys_sigsuspend
.long sys_sigpending

%eax  (  %ebx  ,  %ecx  ,  %edx  ,  %esi  ,  %edi  )