:::::-/:::/:`-:::. `/::-:::       
         ./::::o.   `.     `-`  `oo:-  .` .::o.   
     `:::o                       s:`        `s.   
    `s`                       `-:odh/::::://hs-`  
    -o                       :dmdhh.:y:  /y.ommdy-
   /:`                       `-:..o -o-  :o.`s/o+-
   y                             +-          s    
 -od:                            o`          s`   
/mmh`                            /:  `   `  `s    
:yo:/.                            +:`-:+:- .+.    
    `o.                            .:::s//:-`     
     -/-.                             `-o`        
      `.//   .                       //.`         
         ::o/:o.          `    -/+:-/-            
           s`-+/o/+:/:--:/s//os:.s``              
           s /-+-:/  ```` +.:///:+                
           hsysymdd       +hyh+mmm`               
           +yyo`::.       -yys`--.                

                :::::-/:::/:`-:::. `/::-:::       
         ./::::o.   `.     `-`  `oo:-  .` .::o.   
     `:::o                       s:`        `s.   
    `s`                       `-:odh/::::://hs-`  
    -o                       :dmdhh.:y:  /y.ommdy-
   /:`                       `-:..o -o-  :o.`s/o+-
   y                             +-          s    
 -od:                            o`          s`   
/mmh`                            /:  `   `  `s    
:yo:/.                            +:`-:+:- .+.    
    `o.                            .:::s//:-`     
     -/-.                             `-o`        
      `.//   .                       //.`         
         ::o/:o.          `    -/+:-/-            
           s`-+/o/+:/:--:/s//os:.s``              
           s /-+-:/  ```` +.:///:+                
           hsysymdd       +hyh+mmm`               
           +yyo`::.       -yys`--.                

If it were done, when ’tis done, then ’twere well
It were done quickly: if the assassination
Could trammel up the consequence, and catch
With his surcease success; that but this blow
Might be the be-all and the end-all – here,
But here, upon this bank and shoal of time,
We’d jump the life to come. But in these cases
We still have judgment here; that we but teach
Bloody instructions, which, being taught, return
To plague the inventor: this even-handed justice
Commends the ingredients of our poison’d chalice
To our own lips. He’s here in double trust:
First, as I am his kinsman and his subject,
Strong both against the deed; then, as his host,
Who should against his murderer shut the door,
Not bear the knife myself. Besides, this Duncan
Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been
So clear in his great office, that his virtues
Will plead like angels, trumpet-tongu’d, against
The deep damnation of his taking-off;
And pity, like a naked new-born babe,
Striding the blast, or heaven’s Cherubins, hors’d
Upon the sightless couriers of the air,
Shall blow the horrid deed in every eye,
That tears shall drown the wind. I have no spur
To prick the sides of my intent, but only
Vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself
And falls on the other.

                :::::-/:::/:`-:::. `/::-:::       
         ./::::o.   `.     `-`  `oo:-  .` .::o.   
     `:::o                       s:`        `s.   
    `s`                       `-:odh/::::://hs-`  
    -o                       :dmdhh.:y:  /y.ommdy-
   /:`                       `-:..o -o-  :o.`s/o+-
   y                             +-          s    
 -od:                            o`          s`   
/mmh`                            /:  `   `  `s    
:yo:/.                            +:`-:+:- .+.    
    `o.                            .:::s//:-`     
     -/-.                             `-o`        
      `.//   .                       //.`         
         ::o/:o.          `    -/+:-/-            
           s`-+/o/+:/:--:/s//os:.s``              
           s /-+-:/  ```` +.:///:+                
           hsysymdd       +hyh+mmm`               
           +yyo`::.       -yys`--.                

                :::::-/:::/:`-:::. `/::-:::       
         ./::::o.   `.     `-`  `oo:-  .` .::o.   
     `:::o                       s:`        `s.   
    `s`                       `-:odh/::::://hs-`  
    -o                       :dmdhh.:y:  /y.ommdy-
   /:`                       `-:..o -o-  :o.`s/o+-
   y                             +-          s    
 -od:                            o`          s`   
/mmh`                            /:  `   `  `s    
:yo:/.                            +:`-:+:- .+.    
    `o.                            .:::s//:-`     
     -/-.                             `-o`        
      `.//   .                       //.`         
         ::o/:o.          `    -/+:-/-            
           s`-+/o/+:/:--:/s//os:.s``              
           s /-+-:/  ```` +.:///:+                
           hsysymdd       +hyh+mmm`               
           +yyo`::.       -yys`--.                

                :::::-/:::/:`-:::. `/::-:::       
         ./::::o.   `.     `-`  `oo:-  .` .::o.   
     `:::o                       s:`        `s.   
    `s`                       `-:odh/::::://hs-`  
    -o                       :dmdhh.:y:  /y.ommdy-
   /:`                       `-:..o -o-  :o.`s/o+-
   y                             +-          s    
 -od:                            o`          s`   
/mmh`                            /:  `   `  `s    
:yo:/.                            +:`-:+:- .+.    
    `o.                            .:::s//:-`     
     -/-.                             `-o`        
      `.//   .                       //.`         
         ::o/:o.          `    -/+:-/-            
           s`-+/o/+:/:--:/s//os:.s``              
           s /-+-:/  ```` +.:///:+                
           hsysymdd       +hyh+mmm`               
           +yyo`::.       -yys`--.                

If it were done, when ’tis done, then ’twere well
It were done quickly: if the assassination
Could trammel up the consequence, and catch
With his surcease success; that but this blow
Might be the be-all and the end-all – here,
But here, upon this bank and shoal of time,
We’d jump the life to come. But in these cases
We still have judgment here; that we but teach
Bloody instructions, which, being taught, return
To plague the inventor: this even-handed justice
Commends the ingredients of our poison’d chalice
To our own lips. He’s here in double trust:
First, as I am his kinsman and his subject,
Strong both against the deed; then, as his host,
Who should against his murderer shut the door,
Not bear the knife myself. Besides, this Duncan
Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been
So clear in his great office, that his virtues
Will plead like angels, trumpet-tongu’d, against
The deep damnation of his taking-off;
And pity, like a naked new-born babe,
Striding the blast, or heaven’s Cherubins, hors’d
Upon the sightless couriers of the air,
Shall blow the horrid deed in every eye,
That tears shall drown the wind. I have no spur
To prick the sides of my intent, but only
Vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself
And falls on the other.

If it were done, when ’tis done, then ’twere well
It were done quickly: if the assassination
Could trammel up the consequence, and catch
With his surcease success; that but this blow
Might be the be-all and the end-all – here,
But here, upon this bank and shoal of time,
We’d jump the life to come. But in these cases
We still have judgment here; that we but teach
Bloody instructions, which, being taught, return
To plague the inventor: this even-handed justice
Commends the ingredients of our poison’d chalice
To our own lips. He’s here in double trust:
First, as I am his kinsman and his subject,
Strong both against the deed; then, as his host,
Who should against his murderer shut the door,
Not bear the knife myself. Besides, this Duncan
Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been
So clear in his great office, that his virtues
Will plead like angels, trumpet-tongu’d, against
The deep damnation of his taking-off;
And pity, like a naked new-born babe,
Striding the blast, or heaven’s Cherubins, hors’d
Upon the sightless couriers of the air,
Shall blow the horrid deed in every eye,
That tears shall drown the wind. I have no spur
To prick the sides of my intent, but only
Vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself
And falls on the other.

                :::::-/:::/:`-:::. `/::-:::       
         ./::::o.   `.     `-`  `oo:-  .` .::o.   
     `:::o                       s:`        `s.   
    `s`                       `-:odh/::::://hs-`  
    -o                       :dmdhh.:y:  /y.ommdy-
   /:`                       `-:..o -o-  :o.`s/o+-
   y                             +-          s    
 -od:                            o`          s`   
/mmh`                            /:  `   `  `s    
:yo:/.                            +:`-:+:- .+.    
    `o.                            .:::s//:-`     
     -/-.                             `-o`        
      `.//   .                       //.`         
         ::o/:o.          `    -/+:-/-            
           s`-+/o/+:/:--:/s//os:.s``              
           s /-+-:/  ```` +.:///:+                
           hsysymdd       +hyh+mmm`               
           +yyo`::.       -yys`--.                

                :::::-/:::/:`-:::. `/::-:::       
         ./::::o.   `.     `-`  `oo:-  .` .::o.   
     `:::o                       s:`        `s.   
    `s`                       `-:odh/::::://hs-`  
    -o                       :dmdhh.:y:  /y.ommdy-
   /:`                       `-:..o -o-  :o.`s/o+-
   y                             +-          s    
 -od:                            o`          s`   
/mmh`                            /:  `   `  `s    
:yo:/.                            +:`-:+:- .+.    
    `o.                            .:::s//:-`     
     -/-.                             `-o`        
      `.//   .                       //.`         
         ::o/:o.          `    -/+:-/-            
           s`-+/o/+:/:--:/s//os:.s``              
           s /-+-:/  ```` +.:///:+                
           hsysymdd       +hyh+mmm`               
           +yyo`::.       -yys`--.                

                :::::-/:::/:`-:::. `/::-:::       
         ./::::o.   `.     `-`  `oo:-  .` .::o.   
     `:::o                       s:`        `s.   
    `s`                       `-:odh/::::://hs-`  
    -o                       :dmdhh.:y:  /y.ommdy-
   /:`                       `-:..o -o-  :o.`s/o+-
   y                             +-          s    
 -od:                            o`          s`   
/mmh`                            /:  `   `  `s    
:yo:/.                            +:`-:+:- .+.    
    `o.                            .:::s//:-`     
     -/-.                             `-o`        
      `.//   .                       //.`         
         ::o/:o.          `    -/+:-/-            
           s`-+/o/+:/:--:/s//os:.s``              
           s /-+-:/  ```` +.:///:+                
           hsysymdd       +hyh+mmm`               
           +yyo`::.       -yys`--.                

This is very long text. It takes linear time to copy it.

Some more long text that cannot be quickly copied.

void swap(some_t& data1, some_t& data2) {
    some_t temporary = data1;
    data1 = data2;
    data2 = temporary;
}

This is very long text. It takes linear time to copy it.

Some more long text that cannot be quickly copied.

void swap(some_t& data1, some_t& data2) {
    some_t temporary = data1;
    data1 = data2;
    data2 = temporary;
}

This is very long text. It takes linear time to copy it.

Some more long text that cannot be quickly copied.

void swap(some_t& data1, some_t& data2) {
    some_t temporary = data1;
    data1 = data2;
    data2 = temporary;
}

This is very long text. It takes linear time to copy it.

Some more long text that cannot be quickly copied.

void swap(some_t& data1, some_t& data2) {
    some_t temporary = data1;
    data1 = data2;
    data2 = temporary;
}

This is very long text. It takes linear time to copy it.

Some more long text that cannot be quickly copied.

This is very long text. It takes linear time to copy it.

void swap(some_t& data1, some_t& data2) {
    some_t temporary = std::move(data1);
    data1 = std::move(data2);
    data2 = std::move(temporary);
}

void swap(some_t& data1, some_t& data2) {
    some_t temporary = data1;
    data1 = data2;
    data2 = temporary;
}

ClassName c1;

ClassName c2{c1};
ClassName c3 = c1;

ClassName c1;

ClassName c2;
c2 = c1;

class Array {
private:
    int* data;
public:
    explicit Array(size_t capacity) :
        data{new int[capacity]}
    {
    }
    ~Array() {
        delete[] data;
    }
    //...
};

Array ar1{3};

class Array {
private:
    int* data;
public:
    explicit Array(size_t capacity) :
        data{new int[capacity]}
    {
    }
    ~Array() {
        delete[] data;
    }
    //...
};

Array ar1{3};
Array ar2 = ar1;

class Array {
private:
    int* data;
public:
    explicit Array(size_t capacity) :
        data{new int[capacity]}
    {
    }
    
    // implicitly-generated
    Array(const Array&) = default;
    Array(const Array& other) :
        data{other.data}
    {   // shallow copy
    }
    
    ~Array() {
        delete[] data;
    }
    //...
};

Array ar1{3};
Array ar2 = ar1;

class Array {
private:
    int* data;
    int capacity;
public:
    explicit Array(size_t capacity) :
        data{new int[capacity]},
        capacity{capacity}
    {
    }
    Array(const Array& other) :
        data{new int[other.capacity]},
        capacity{other.capacity}
    {   // deep copy
        std::copy_n(other.data, capacity, data);
    }
    ~Array() {
        delete[] data;
    }
    //...
};

Array ar1{3};
Array ar2 = ar1;

void f(ClassName byValue);
ClassName g();

ClassName h() {
    ClassName obj;

    // if no elision and not movable
    ClassName obj1 = g();
    ClassName obj2{obj};
    f(obj);
    return obj; // unless movable
}

// if has move constructor
Classname obj1 = lvalue;
// otherwise
Classname obj2 = glvalue;

ClassName func() {
    return prvalue;
}

func();

T f() {
    return T{};
}

T x = T{T{f()}};
T x = T{T{T{}}};
T x = T{T{}};
T x = T{};
T x{};

class Array {
private:
    int* data;
    int capacity;
public:
    explicit Array(size_t capacity) :
        data{new int[capacity]},
        capacity{capacity}
    {
    }
    Array(const Array& other) :
        data{new int[other.capacity]},
        capacity{other.capacity}
    {   // deep copy
        std::copy_n(other.data, capacity, data);
    }
    Array& operator=(const Array& other) {
        if (this != &other) {
            int* newData = new int[other.capacity];
            std::copy_n(other.data, other.capacity, newData);

            delete[] data;
            capacity = other.capacity;
            data = newData;
        }
        return *this;
    }
    ~Array() {
        delete[] data;
    }
    //...
};

Array ar1{3};
Array ar2{5};

ar2 = ar1;

ClassName obj;

// if has mv asgn op
obj = lvalue;
// otherwise
obj = glvalue;

char* concat(const char* str1, const char* str2) {
    size_t len1 = strlen(str1);
    size_t len2 = strlen(str2);
    size_t len = len1 + len2 + 1;
    
    char* result = new char[len];
    strcpy(result, str1);
    strcpy(result + len1, str2);
    result[len - 1] = '\0';
    
    return result;
}

void user() {
    const char* str = concat("Hello ", "World!");
    printMessage(str);
} // leak

size_t GetClipboardSize();
void GetClipboard(char* const);

char* const getClipboard() {   
    size_t len = GetClipboardSize();
    static char* const contents{};
    delete[] contents;
    contents = new char[len];
    GetClipboard(contents);
    
    return contents;
}

void user() {
    auto contents = GetClipboard();
    printMessage(contents);
    delete[] contents; // double del
}

char* concat(const char* str1, const char* str2) {
    size_t len1 = strlen(str1);
    size_t len2 = strlen(str2);
    size_t len = len1 + len2 + 1;
    
    char* result = new char[len];
    strcpy(result, str1);
    strcpy(result + len1, str2);
    result[len - 1] = '\0';
    
    return result;
}

void user() {
    const char* str = concat("Hello ", "World!");
    printMessage(str);
    delete[] str;
}

size_t GetClipboardSize();
void GetClipboard(char* const);

char* const getClipboard() {   
    size_t len = GetClipboardSize();
    static char* const contents{};
    delete[] contents;
    contents = new char[len];
    GetClipboard(contents);
    
    return contents;
}

void user() {
    printMessage(GetClipboard());
}

#include <string>
void user() {
    printMessage(std::string{"Hello "} + "World!");
    // printMessage("Hello " "World!");
    // using namespace std::string_literals;
    // printMessage("Hello "s + "World!");
}

void user() {
    printMessage(GetClipboard());
}

char* concat(const char* str1, const char* str2) {
    size_t len1 = strlen(str1);
    size_t len2 = strlen(str2);
    size_t len = len1 + len2 + 1;
    
    char* result = new char[len];
    strcpy(result, str1);
    strcpy(result + len1, str2);
    result[len - 1] = '\0';
    
    return result;
}

size_t GetClipboardSize();
void GetClipboard(char* const);

std::string getClipboard() {   
    size_t len = GetClipboardSize();
    std::string contents;
    contents.resize(len);
    GetClipboard(contents.data());
    
    return contents;
}

Some more long text that cannot be quickly copied.

Some more long text that cannot be quickly copied.

class Array {
private:
    int* data;
    int capacity;
public:
    explicit Array(size_t capacity) :
        data{new int[capacity]},
        capacity{capacity}
    {
    }
    Array(Array&& other) noexcept :
        data{other.data},
        capacity{other.capacity}
    {
        other.data = nullptr;
        other.capacity = 0;
    }
    ~Array() {
        delete[] data;
    }
    //...
};

Array ar1{3};
Array ar2 = std::move(ar1);

class Array {
private:
    int* data;
    int capacity;
public:
    explicit Array(size_t capacity) :
        data{new int[capacity]},
        capacity{capacity}
    {
    }
    Array(Array&& other) noexcept :
        data{std::exchange(other.data, nullptr)},
        capacity{std::exchange(other.capacity, 0)}
    {
    }
    ~Array() {
        delete[] data;
    }
    //...
};

Array ar1{3};
Array ar2 = std::move(ar1);

template <typename T>
std::remove_reference_t<T>&& move(T&& arg) {
    return static_cast<remove_reference_t<T>&&>(arg);
}

void f(ClassName byValue);
ClassName g();

ClassName g() {
    ClassName obj;

    ClassName obj1 = g(); // if no elision
    ClassName obj2{std::move(obj)};
    f(std::move(obj));
    return obj;
}

Classname obj = xvalue
// move elision if prvalue

class Array {
private:
    int* data;
    int capacity;
public:
    explicit Array(size_t capacity) :
        data{new int[capacity]},
        capacity{capacity}
    {
    }
    Array(Array&& other) noexcept :
        data{std::exchange(other.data, nullptr)},
        capacity{std::exchange(other.capacity, 0)}
    {
    }
    Array& operator=(Array&& other) noexcept
    {
        data = std::exchange(other.data, nullptr);
        capacity = std::exchange(other.capacity, 0);
    }
    ~Array() {
        delete[] data;
    }
    //...
};

Array ar1{3};
Array ar2{5};

ar2 = std::move(ar1);

Classname obj = xvalue
// move elision if prvalue

Array& operator=(const Array& other)
{
    if (this == &other) return *this;
    delete[] data;
    data = new int[other.capacity];
    capacity = other.capacity;
    std::copy_n(other.data, capacity, data);
    return *this;
}

Array& operator=(const Array& other)
{
    if (this == &other) return *this;
    delete[] data;
    capacity = 0;
    data = new int[other.capacity];
    capacity = other.capacity;
    std::copy_n(other.data, capacity, data);
    return *this;
}

Array& operator=(const Array& other) {
    if (this != &other) {
        int* newData = new int[other.capacity];
        std::copy_n(other.data, other.capacity, newData);

        delete[] data;
        capacity = other.capacity;
        data = newData;
    }
    return *this;
}

Array& operator=(Array&& other) noexcept {
    data = std::exchange(other.data, nullptr);
    capacity = std::exchange(other.capacity, 0);
}

...

Array(const Array& other) :
    data{new int[other.capacity]},
    capacity{other.capacity}
{   
    std::copy_n(other.data, capacity, data);
}
Array& operator=(const Array& other) {
    capacity = other.capacity;
        
    delete[] data;
    data = new int[capacity];
    std::copy_n(other.data, capacity, data);
        
    return *this;
}

...

...

Array(const Array& other) :
    data{new int[other.capacity]},
    capacity{other.capacity}
{   
    std::copy_n(other.data, capacity, data);
}
Array& operator=(const Array& other) {
    if (this != &other) {
        capacity = other.capacity;
        
        delete[] data;
        data = new int[capacity];
        std::copy_n(other.data, capacity, data);
    }
    return *this;
}

...

...

Array(const Array& other) :
    data{new int[other.capacity]},
    capacity{other.capacity}
{   
    std::copy_n(other.data, capacity, data);
}
Array& operator=(const Array& other) {
    if (this != &other) {
        capacity = other.capacity;
        
        delete[] data;
        data = new int[capacity];
        std::copy_n(other.data, capacity, data);
    }
    return *this;
}

...

...

Array(const Array& other) :
    data{new int[other.capacity]},
    capacity{other.capacity}
{   
    std::copy_n(other.data, capacity, data);
}
Array& operator=(const Array& other) {
    if (this != &other) {
        int* newData = new int[other.capacity];
        std::copy_n(other.data, other.capacity, newData);
        delete[] data;
        capacity = other.capacity;
        data = newData;
    }
    return *this;
}

...

...

Array(const Array& other) :
    data{new int[other.capacity]},
    capacity{other.capacity}
{   
    std::copy_n(other.data, capacity, data);
}
Array& operator=(const Array& other) {
    if (this != &other) {
        int* newData = new int[other.capacity];
        std::copy_n(other.data, other.capacity, newData);
        delete[] data;
        capacity = other.capacity;
        data = newData;
    }
    return *this;
}

...

Array(const Array& other) :
    data{new int[other.capacity]},
    capacity{other.capacity}
{   
    std::copy_n(other.data, capacity, data);
}
Array(Array&& other) noexcept :
    data{std::exchange(other.data, nullptr)},
    capacity{std::exchange(other.capacity, 0)}
{
}
Array& operator=(const Array& other) {
    if (this != &other) {
        int* newData = new int[other.capacity];
        std::copy_n(other.data, other.capacity, newData);
        delete[] data;
        capacity = other.capacity;
        data = newData;
    }
    return *this;
}
Array& operator=(Array&& other) noexcept {
    data = std::exchange(other.data, nullptr);
    capacity = std::exchange(other.capacity, 0);
}

Array() :
    data{nullptr},
    capacity{0}
{
}
Array(const Array& other) :
    data{new int[other.capacity]},
    capacity{other.capacity}
{   
    std::copy_n(other.data, capacity, data);
}
Array(Array&& other) noexcept : Array{} {
    swap(*this, other);
}
Array& operator=(Array other) {
    swap(*this, other);
    return *this;
}
friend void swap(Array& lhs, Array& rhs) noexcept {
    using std::swap; // ADL

    swap(lhs.capacity, rhs.capacity);
    swap(lhs.data, rhs.data);
}

#include <type_traits>

std::is_copy_constructible_v<T>
std::is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<T>
std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<T>

std::is_move_constructible_v<T>
std::is_trivially_move_constructible_v<T>
std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<T>

std::is_assignable_v<T>
std::is_trivially_assignable_v<T>
std::is_nothrow_assignable_v<T>

std::is_copy_assignable_v<T>
std::is_trivially_copy_assignable_v<T>
std::is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<T>

std::is_move_assignable_v<T>
std::is_trivially_move_assignable_v<T>
std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<T>