Japan's Mass Media

Manga & Anime

Outline

• Japan's TV exports

• 'Cartoons'

• Development of 'Comics'

• Animated Films

• TV and 'anime'

• TV Exports in perspective

Japan's increasing sales

http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000477810.pdf

TOTAL      2010: $52.9m

2015: $229.9m

Anime anime anime!

http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000477810.pdf

Anime exports worth apx. Y20.4bn in 2015

 

($180m apx)

 

Anime anime anime!

http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000477810.pdf

Weekly, book, anime, film

Cartoons

"Punch has the benevolence to announce, that in an early number of his ensuing Volume he will astonish the Parliamentary Committee by the publication of several exquisite designs, to be called Punch's Cartoons!"

(Punch, June 24, 1843)

Cartoon: originally meaning an artist's preparatory drawing done on stiff paper (carton='card')

Cartoons

Japan Punch (1862-87)

Founded and published by British illustrator Charles Wirgman, also tutored early Meiji artists.

 

And taught English to (later) Admiral Heihachiro Togo, the "Nelson of the East"

 

 

Puck (1871-1903)

Emoticons, 1881

Tokyo Puck

1905 - 1915

Many cartoons by 

Kitazawa Rakuten

Hokusai Manga　漫画

Katsushika Hokusai

1760?-1849

Europe

Rodolphe Töpffer

1799-1846

From 1827, produced seven illustrated stories with pages divided into frames. First to be published (1833) was his Histoire de M. Jabot.

US's first comic book?

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/digital/collections/books/ocn259708589/ocn259708589.html?mswitch-redir=classic

The Adventures of Mr. Obadiah Oldbuck (publ. 184?)

Kitazawa Rakuten (1876-1955)

• Japan's first professional cartoonist/manga-ka

• Worked on "Box of Curios", "Jiji Manga", "Tokyo Puck".

• Influenced by other foreign cartoonists such as Australian, Frank Nankivell.

• Cartoons with political and social comment.

Kitazawa Rakuten

1928 Tonda Haneko Jo

「とんだはね子嬢」

Okamoto Ippei

Initially employed (1912) as a 'manga kisha' (cartoon reporter) at Asahi Shimbun, recommended by author Natsume Soseki.

 

1929: Collection of his cartoons sold more than 50,000 copies

1932: European trip

 

Established the 'Ippei-juku' school to train manga artists.

Early Comics

1897: The Katzenjammer Kids

First use of 'speechbubbles"

Longest running comic series

• Created by Rudolph Dirks, drawn by Harold H. Knerr 

 

• American Humorist, Sunday supplement of New York Journal newspaper

Early Comic Books

Paris, 1929

Tokyo, 1931

Norakuro

US, 1934

Manga & Comics

Tanku Tankuro (1934)

Action Comics

Superman (1938)

(Very) Early animation

http://video.mit.edu/watch/history-of-animation-3391/

1900: J. Stuart Blackton directs and stars in...

 

The Enchanted Drawing

 

...assisted and encouraged by Thomas Edison

Gertie the Dinosaur (1914)

Meanwhile, in Japan...

Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no maki

「芋川椋三玄関番の巻」

 

• Released(?) early 1917, this may have been Japan's first 'anime'.

 

Produced by the Tenkatsu Studio who employed well-known manga artists Shimokawa Hekoten(Sadanori) to develop animated films which could compete with foreign imports.

Historical materials have been lost so this is controversial.

Namakura-katana

Released in June 1917

 

Again drawn by Shimokawa, a pupil of Kitazawa Rakuten.

Walt Disney

1922: Working at Laugh-o-grams animation studio 

1923: Founds Disney Studio

1928: Steamboat Willie (3rd Mickey Mouse feature becomes a commercial success)

This was the first real animated 'talkie', it had a 'fully produced' soundtrack with music and speech. 

Around the World

Animated feature films were produced worldwide from 1917...

1917: Quirino Cristiani, Argentina

1926: Lotte Reininger, Germany

1930: Ladislas Starevich, France (rel.1937)

1935: Aleksandr Ptushko, USSR

1936: Umberto Spano, Italy

1937: Walt Disney, US - Snow White

Many different techniques tried, stop-motion (puppet), cut-outs, silhouette, 'traditional' cel animation...

Film Exporters

Television

Mechanical television: in development in various countries (Germany, US, UK, Japan, Russia etc) from late c19.

Demonstrated publicly in 1925.

 

Electronic television: various experiments with CRTs and image formation from late c19. Experiments and research worldwide.

 

First CRT display: 25 Dec, 1926. Takayanagi Kenjiro of Hamamatsu  Industrial High School

"Do you remember me?"

1 Sep 1939: WW2 interrupts BBC television broadcasts,

last programme broadcast was...

7 Jun 1946: announcer Jasmine Bligh greets viewers and programming continues...

Japan

NHK: established state broadcaster, repositioned as 'independent' by 1950 Broadcast Law

NTV: first commercial broadcaster to be granted a licence under new law.

 

• Regular TV broadcasts in 1953

• High price of receivers (imported) impedes uptake.

Early programming

Plenty of imported feature films

News

Live drama

Rakugo

Music: Classical and Jazz

Early animation

Popeye from 1959

 

High audience ratings  for an animated series: 33.7%

Business model

Exporting

NBC: 1963-197?

Miyazaki Hayao

1984

Studio Ghibli founded 1985 on the success of Nausicaa.

 

1986: 天空の城ラピュタ - Castle in the Sky

1988: となりのトトロ - My Neighbour Totoro

1989: 魔女の宅急便 - Kiki's Delivery Service

1997: もののけ姫 - Princess Mononoke

2004: ハウルの動く城 - Howl's Moving Castle

2008: 崖の上のポニョ - Ponyo

2010: 借りぐらしのアリエッティ - Arrietty

Early career

1978 - "Boy from the future: Conan" 

Early career

"Lupin 3rd" Manga/anime series 1978-9

>30 animated/live action films

Studio Ghibli 

Summer 2001: Released in Japan

Autumn 2002: Dubbed version released in Canada 

2003: Academy Award for Best Animated Feature

 

Highest-grossing Japanese film so far  (apx.US$330million)

TV Exports Business

TV export business is worth apx. JPY29bn/year

     $250,000,000

Total exports (2016) from Japan

     $605,000,000,000

 

                  Zippers - $289m

Vacuum cleaners - $280m

                    Pianos - $264m

           Compasses - $246m

Butoh 舞踏

Dance Troupe: Dairakudakan

'How to eat sushi'