Computation in Design Atelier
Semester 1
24–25
Weekly Schedule
We will meet on a weekly basis Tuesdays 9.30am and Thursdays 9.30am in D301. For the weekly schedule, click buttons on the right to be pointed to the weekly breakdown spreadsheets
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Computation in Design
General atelier details
The Atelier
Approaches
Guides
This column of slides addresses the following topics which should guide you in pursuing your final year project and dissertation. Consider the list and slides covered as a starting point for your studies and specialisation.
1
2
3
4
General atelier details
1.1
This atelier looks at design from the lens of computation. In particular, we take an expansive view of technology and how objects relate to us, to others. The other here may even include things, organisms, machines, spaces, or other species.
Much of the learning is inductive—build and test first, gather evidence and think critically, reflect on your explorations, see what a process, an artefact, affords you as a design researcher, and decide on the next series of steps in an incremental process. Our approach here will oscillate between design practice and design research–writing and making.
1
1.2
Computation in Design, as it is understood in the atelier, is informed by three areas of research and design: Coding, Sensing, and Making. The atelier takes a practice-based approach that encourages experimentation, exploration, process, and research through design.
It is important to understand that a healthy mix of technical, contextual and aesthetic studies is the basis of the research. Challenges of technical nature or the critical discourse are addressed through iterative processes, discussions and feedback.
General atelier details
1
1.3
Coding addresses the aspect of applying computation to creative practices, which in this case is particularly relevant to the field of design communication. Coding is seen here as a technique, a tool, a playground and a language to communicate and interact with and through machines.
Coding
Sensing here refers to sensory experiences as well as sense making and sensing with our human senses or the sensors of machines. Furthermore, sensing here goes hand in hand with data acquisition, analysis, visualisation and expression when processed computationally.
Sensing
Making is understood as a hands-on approach and collaborative group work where members of a group share knowledge, learning and skills. Furthermore, one should be aware of what is being made and think critically about the context in which the making takes place and has an impact.
Making
Generative Systems, creative coding, visual communication, algorithmic behaviours, machine learning, experiences
Interaction, interfaces, sensors, data, physical computing
Tools, materials, discourse, prototypes, fabrication, immersion, expression, creative technology
General atelier details
1
1.4
Digital Research Repository
Research Proposal Outline
Dissertation
Graduation Project
The Digital Research Repository will start with are.na to facilitate the process of collecting and organising research materials. You will have to curate, present, and design the repository into a webpage.
A document that will outline the essence and structure of your dissertation. With the finalisation of your research proposal outline you can move forward to work on your dissertation.
After your research proposal has been submitted, you will continue implementing your proposal which will then become your dissertation, refer to detailed briefing by Vikas.
Your practical work, which you will start from the beginning of semester 1, so that in the second half of semester 2 you will have a strong foundation for final implementation
Creative Process Journal
Uniformity for CPJ format, a website from scratch, a Google Docs, or a printed and designed publication.
Deliverables
Portfolio and Design Primer
The Portfolio contains your semester 1 Body of Work and the Design Primer. The Design Primer should be understood as a tentative proposal for the Graduation Project.
mid sem 2
end sem 2
mid sem 1
end sem 1
General atelier details
1
end sem 1 and sem 2
mid sem 1
2
The Atelier
The Atelier
2.1
Students should ideally go back and forth between their dissertation and their practice. Both should be done in tandem. If the dissertation is done before engaging into practice, the practice merely becomes the ‘packaging’ of the research. New knowledge should emerge from practice as well. The design practice can be cross-fertilised with disciplines such as psychology, sociology, political science, communication studies, philosophy or literary studies, as well as performance arts, contemporary arts, music, or other design disciplines – but the core of the research must be anchored in design.
To help students select their design research methods, it is relevant to position the design research in time, for example:
past historical approach, archival search
present social science approach, human-centred approach, x-centred approach, applied
future speculative approach, design fiction, tech futures, foresight
Design Research
2
The Atelier
Practice
Writing
making
doing
understanding
contributing
process & act
activities & engagement
context
value
lived experience
knowledge
adapted from Gideon Kong
Design Research
2.2
2
impact
impact
The Atelier
Computation
1. The use or operation of a computer
2. The act or process of computing or calculating something
Computation is any type of calculation that includes both arithmetic and non-arithmetical steps and follows a well-defined model, for example an algorithm.
Computational Thinking
In education, computational thinking is a set of problem-solving methods that involve expressing problems and their solutions in ways that a computer could execute.
Computational thinking is a process in which you creatively apply to a problem-solving cycle to develop and test solutions with the help of computers.
Computational Design
John Maeda defines three kinds of design as a working model to build upon: classical design, which pertains to the design of objects we use in the physical world, design thinking, which pertains to how organisations learn how to collaborate and innovate using ideation methods, and computational design, which pertains to any kind of creative activity that involves processors, memory, sensors, actuators, and the network.
2
2.3
The Atelier
Classical Design
Design Thinking, amongst other approaches
Computational Design
Thinking critically about Technology
Use all three kinds of Design
Understand Computation
Actively learning The New
2
2.3
Approaches
3
Approaches
Design researchers carefully investigate human experience and behavior, dream up new ways to spark and distill insight, and inspire teams and clients to address people's needs through bold, optimistic design.
Ideo Design Research link
3
Generative
Interactive
Discursive
Experimental
Approach and Motivation
Generativity here refers to a design approach that can be regarded as computational, iterative, modular and emergent. By creating and using generative systems, a designed outcome can respond quickly to change and adapt.
An emphasis of your work may be on creating interactive scenarios that can be tested and observed in order to make the designed outcomes experiential for the audience and communicate with them through interactions.
3.1
A discursive approach can be considered a thought catalyst. The designed object’s primary role is no longer utilitarian, aesthetic or commercial but is given form and function so that it can communicate ideas—this is the goal and the measure of success. Rather than tools for living and doing, these are tools for thinking.
An experimental approach can consider unconventional materials, tools, design methods and outcomes. The centre of this approach is exploration. Often this goes in line with topics that look at future scenarios addressing artificial intelligence, climate change, sustainability or bio design.
Casey Reas
Memo Akten
Neri Oxman
Weidi Zhang
Anab Jain
Lauren McCarthy
Stephanie and Bruce Tharp
Taeyoon Choi
Bill Moggridge
Hiroshi Ishii
Joachim Sauter
Rebecca Fiebrink
AIxDesign Community
Biodesigned
Disnovation Collective
xCoAx Conference
Design approach, motivation and focus can be
3
Sketching
Experimenting
Prototyping
Designed Outcomes
Approach and Action
Sketching is about bringing ideas to life and putting them on paper to better communicate the nature, relationships and flow of ideas and processes through simple but meaningful mapping and diagrams. This approach is designed to help both students and their supervisors have constructive and productive discussions, critiques and feedback sessions to move the enquiry and exploration of a project forward step by step.
An experiment in the broader sense may refer to practicing by trial and error, trying and testing the unknown, and learning through a process of approximation and correction until a satisfactory state is reached. This state may mean that a particular problem has been solved, or that a state of beauty has been achieved, or some other form of successful (or possibly unsuccessful) result.
3.2
The term prototype, along with the verb prototyping, has become popular in design research. Originally, the term indicated a precursor of a mass-produced product, which shares its material qualities, but will undergo testing and development during implementation. In design research, the term prototype may also be used for all kinds of product-like physical constructions.
The outputs designed in this atelier are a collection of sketches, experiments and prototypes that are created during the course of a study. These outcomes can be stand-alone, such as a series of artefacts, an installation, a screen-based application and more, or they can be the material for a publication that documents the process and the gathered findings and outcomes in a printed or digital document.
Phases your work goes through
3
Approach and supervision
Research
Project
Dissertation
informs
informs
individual and group consultations
workshops, sketching, experimenting, prototyping
lab sessions to address technical challenges
case studies
3.3
be curious, organised, considerate, consistent, patient
experiment, make, analyse, observe, reflect, test, document, iterate, write, read, explore
3
Approach dissertation and project
Dissertation
Project
while managing time adequately and effectively.
Most importantly for your dissertation will be the Discussion section and for your project the Design Process, let's take a look at some options in the following.
3.4
How to approach your
3
Q = K + P + T
The quality Q of your work is the sum of Knowledge K, practice P and talent T.
Keep in mind
Approaches
Design Thinking
Double Diamond
Research through Design
Four-fields framework
Design Fiction
There are various approaches, frameworks, models, methods that you will come across which should not confuse but help and support your work. Ideally follow one after you have carefully considered your options, you will notice that there are overlaps.
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2
3
4
5
Case Studies
Critical Journal
Interviews
1
2
3
The discussion section of your dissertation should make use of one of the following 3 frameworks
Dissertation, specifically the Discussion section
Design Process
3.4.1
3
Approaches
Case Studies
Critical Journal
Interviews
1
2
3
3.4.2
3
The discussion section of your dissertation should make use of one of the suggested 3 frameworks. Through workshops in week 3 and 5 you will be guided to better understand the approach that can be taken for each of the 3 frameworks–afterwards you opt for one.
Provide evidence, insights and knowledge through the analysis, discussion, synthesis, reflection of case studies
Provide evidence, insights and knowledge through the exploration, discussion, reflection, replicability of your own practical graduation project work
Provide evidence, insights and knowledge through interviews, collection of qualitative and quantitative data, discussions, reflection
Discussion section
How to approach your Dissertation's
Approaches
Design Thinking
Double Diamond
Research through Design
Four-fields framework
Futures
1
2
3
4
5
3.5
3
The design process in your research and project proposal may be guided by one of the approaches on the right, which differ from the dissertation frameworks presented in the previous slide
if an approach not listed above suits your work better, lets discuss.
Design Process
How to approach your Project's
Approaches
Design Thinking
Double Diamond
Research through Design
Four-fields framework
Futures
1
2
3
4
5
3
Design thinking is commonly described as a framework, method, or approach rather than a strict methodology. While the terminology can vary, design thinking is generally considered a problem-solving and innovation approach that emphasizes empathy, user-centeredness, and iterative prototyping.
Design thinking is often characterized by its iterative nature, where feedback and insights are continually incorporated into the design process. It typically consists of several stages, including problem definition, research, ideation, prototyping, testing, and implementation.
Most useful when your work is user-centered.
3.5.1
empathise
define
ideate
prototype
test
Design Thinking is an iterative and non-linear process that contains five phases: empathise, define, ideate, prototype and test.
Approaching project and research through the
Design Thinking
Approaches
3
3.5.1
empathise
define
ideate
prototype
test
Approaching project and research through the
Design Thinking
Approaches
3
3.5.1
Approaches
Design Thinking
Double Diamond
Research through Design
Four-fields framework
Futures
1
2
3
4
5
3
Throughout the Double Diamond model, divergent and convergent thinking play crucial roles. The discovery and development stages involve divergent thinking, exploring possibilities, and expanding knowledge. On the other hand, the definition and delivery stages involve convergent thinking, making choices, and consolidating research findings into coherent outcomes.
The Double Diamond had antecedents in the work of John Dewey, Osborn & Parnes, Béla Bánáthy, Herbert Simon, Donald Schön and many others, who all made major contributions to problem-solving theories and the practice of design.
3.5.2
discover
define
deliver
develop
challenge
outcome
Problem definition and future insights
insight into the problem
the area to focus upon
Problem
potential solutions
solutions that work
Solution
Approaching project and research through the
Double Diamond Model
Approaches
3
3.5.2
Approaches
Design Thinking
Double Diamond
Research through Design
Four-fields framework
Futures
1
2
3
4
5
3
Research through design is to use design as a research method as an approach for learning about things other than design, gaining access to knowledge that would have been impossible otherwise. A modern example of research through design is user experience studies, where people engage with new inventions. Certain insights on new products are impossible to obtain without having the actual design at hand. Showing something to people, rather than just telling them about it, leads to more relevant feedback.
The same applies to the designer's experience. As our sketches and prototypes develop towards the final form, so does our grasp on the consequences of creative decisions. As Bill Moggridge put it: "The only way to experience an experience is to experience it."
Research through Design is a way of producing "research" that comes with opportunities to practise the craft of design. It's a way of expressing and materialising knowledge and insights, acquired based on hands-on design work, packaged into a scientific format.
Most useful when your work is interactive, experimental and iterative
3.5.3
3 options for what "design research" can mean are introduced in an article titled Research in Art and Design, published in 1993 by Sir Christopher Frayling. He proposes three categories of design research:
1. Research for Design
2. Research into Design
3. Research through Design
From: The Three Faces of Design Research link, do listen to the podcast version of the linked article.
Approaching project and research through
Research through Design
Approaches
3
3.5.3
Research through Design
Encourages and enables
In Research through Design (RtD), researchers generate new knowledge by understanding the current state and then suggesting an improved future state in the form of a design.
It involves deep reflection in iteratively understanding the people, problem, and context around a situation that researchers feel they can improve.
Research through Design is a way of producing research that comes with opportunities to practice the craft of design. It's a way of expressing and materialising knowledge and insights, acquired based on hands-on design work, packaged into a scientific format.
Research through design is to use design as a research method as an approach for learning about things other than design, gaining access to knowledge that would have been impossible otherwise. A modern example of research through design is user experience studies, where people engage with new inventions.
Research through Design Conference (general, 2019, experiences)
Design Disciplin blog and podcast link
→ Collaboration with other disciplines and peers
→ Iterative process of making, testing, refining
→ Aligning practice with research and writing
→ to go back and forth between research, design practice and dissertation
→ Research contribution through practice
3.5.3
Design Practice
Dissertation
Research
Research through Design Conference (general, 2019, experiences)
Design Disciplin blog and podcast link
Approaching project and research through
Research through Design
Encourages and enables
→ Collaboration with other disciplines and peers
→ Iterative process of making, testing, refining
→ Aligning practice with research and writing
→ to go back and forth between research, design practice and dissertation
→ Research contribution through practice
Approaches
3
3.5.3
Doing Research
Doing Design
Artefact
Prototype
Knowledge
Work done with the intention to produce knowledge for use by others
Work done with the intention to produce a feasible solution to improve a given situation
Object (often material) created during a design process
Artefact used in research that can realise the (inter)action that is studied
Understanding about the world that can be communicated to others
Question, hypothesis, theory, investigation, topic, interpretation, generalization, validation, discovery
Idea and concept generation, synthesis, development, integration, discovery, prototyping, invention, implementation, realization
Sketch, blueprint, brief, specifications, vision, proposal, recommendation, business plan, exhibit
Implementation, realization, test, exploration, solution, proof of concept, construction
Theory, book, publication, expertise
Design Practice
The ways in which design professionals conduct their work
Brief, contract, client, stakeholder, studio
Working Definition
Key associated Terms
Approaching project and research through
Research through Design
Approaches
3
3.5.3
Approaches
Design Thinking
Double Diamond
Research through Design
Four-fields framework
Futures
1
2
3
4
5
3
Rather than focusing on what gets designed or how things are designed, the four-field framework focuses on why they are designed.
Most useful when your work attempts to engage in discourse.
3.5.4
Approaching project and research through the
Four-Fields Framework
Design is a bit of a mess and could benefit from a broad organising framework. The dominant paradigm of commercial design has resisted incorporating other modes of design, despite increased prevalence. We posit a four-field framework that emphasises primary agendas that can assist in decision-making and communication.
Rather than focusing on what gets designed or how things are designed, the four-field framework focuses on why they are designed.
1. A commercial design agenda centres on profit
2. A responsible design agenda centres on serving the underserved
3. An experimental design agenda centres on exploration
4. A discursive design agenda centres on audience reflection
Elliott Montgomery on the Four Field Framework in this talk
Approaches
3
3.5.4
Approaches
Design Thinking
Double Diamond
Research through Design
Four-fields framework
Futures
1
2
3
4
5
3
Design futures explore potential scenarios and visions of the future to inform and inspire innovative design solutions. Employing speculative thinking, creative technology, and foresight methodologies, designers anticipate emerging trends, challenges, and opportunities to craft forward-looking, sustainable, and user-centric designs that shape a positive and transformative future.
Most useful when your work is concerned about the future through speculation and innovation by building scenarios of the future.
3.5.6
Approaching project and research through Futures
Approaches
3
3.5.6
Speculative Design
Speculative design (also see critical design), is an innovative and imaginative approach to design that explores possible futures and alternative realities. It is not concerned with practical problem-solving like traditional design but rather seeks to provoke thought, challenge assumptions, and stimulate discussions about social, cultural, ethical, and technological issues.
Design Fiction
Design fiction involves using storytelling and speculative narratives to explore potential futures and provoke discussions and reflections on the implications of emerging technologies, social changes, or design concepts. It blends elements of design, fiction, and speculation to create thought-provoking scenarios that challenge assumptions and stimulate critical thinking.
Foresight
Foresight, or future thinking, involves systematic exploration and analysis of future trends, drivers of change, and potential scenarios. It aims to anticipate and prepare for future possibilities, helping designers make informed decisions and strategic choices.
Approaching project and research through Futures
Approaches
3
3.5.6
Approaching project and research through Futures
Approaches
3
029 Solarpunk
034 Genevieve Bell, Ao Faha Ftse
039 Simone Rebaudengo
029 Dunne & Raby
028 Radha Mistry, Foresight
Near Future Laboratory Podcast, Julian Bleecker
040 Speculative Design with Kontrapunkt
041 Design Fiction with Elliott P. Montgomery
052 Speculative Futures as a Design Approach
055 The Manual of Design Fiction with Nicolas Nova
070 Juliana Schneider, More.Than.Human-Centered Design
072 Che-Wei Wang CW&T
3.5.6
Guides
4
Guides
1
2
3
4
5
Readings
Writing
Technologies
Artefacts
Applications
4
Comprehensive list of Design relevant topics including Interaction Design, Design Research, Typography and more put together by Vikas.
Selected Computation in Design and Research related readings by Andreas.
Use library resources in the physical library as well as the e-library effectively.
Reading
4.1
Reading
4.1
Buchanan, Richard, Dennis Doordan, and Victor Margolin, editors. The Designed World: Images, Objects, Environment. Bloomsbury Academic, 2003.
Dunne, Anthony, and Fiona Raby. Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming. MIT Press, 2013.
Schön, Donald A. The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. Basic Books, 1983.
Tharp, Bruce M. and Tharp, Stephanie M. Discursive Design : Critical, Speculative, and Alternative Things. The MIT Press, 2018.
Wendt, Thomas. Design for Dasein: Understanding the Design of Experiences. Thomas Wendt, 2015.
Allenby, Braden R., and Daniel Sarewitz. The Techno-Human Condition. MIT Press, 2011.
Kelley, Tom, and Jonathan Littman. The Art of Innovation: Lessons in Creativity from Ideo, America’s Leading Design Firm. Profile Books, 2016.
Moggridge, Bill. Designing Interactions. MIT Press, 2007.
Montgomery, Elliott P., and Chris Woebken. Extrapolation Factory Operator’s Manual. Extrapolationfactory.Com, 2016.
Crawford, Kate. Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence. Yale University Press, 2022.
To get started somewhere, most readings here are available in the library
Reading resources
4.1
Journals, Proceedings
Festivals, Awards
Other resources
Writing
Writing will be less about yourself but more importantly, about your readers. You write to think about the world, readers read your work to see the world through your writing and making.
Your work is the contribution of your findings to the body of accepted knowledge in your field. It is less about conveying your new knowledge or your ideas than it is about changing your readers ideas, thoughts, the way they think through your contribution–know your reader. It is not enough to know your subject matter. You got to know your readers.
For your work to be accepted as a worthwhile contribution, it has to be challenged, tested, and trusted by the academic community.
Use your writing process to help you with thinking and building your work.
Locate the problem in your specific audiences and communities. State the problem that the reader cares about and sees value. Use your Literature review to enrich the problem.
Write to be valuable. Value is in the reader. This is, the reader values your writing because it is useful to them, valuable.
World views
Value and valuable
The reader
Rigour
Think
About
World
Reader
Text
Write
Think and write
The problem
4.2
Think
About
World
Reader
Text
Write
Has to make sense to you
Has to be valuable to your readers
Writing
4.2
Technologies
We will encounter different kinds of technologies along the way. These may be relevant to your project on a theoretical basis or in your practical work, or both.
Sometimes you may need to step out of your comfort zone and into a technical adventure that you may not be familiar with. Don't shy away from such challenges, but see them as an opportunity to learn new skills and go beyond what you are more experienced with.
There are a large number of software and hardware tools out there. Which one is the right one?
If you're not sure, let's discuss the options in class to find the right tool for the right application. Sometimes it's not the tool, but the application that gets in the way and needs to be rethought or tweaked.
Tools and skills can be learned.
Tools
Making
Technologies, whether analog or digital, are often closely linked to shaping ideas and making them come alive. Making should become an essential part of your practical work. It would be unfortunate to delay making until the last minute. Instead, making should be in constant dialogue between your research and your dissertation.
Rather than thinking that making must and will happen in one go, you should embrace it as a continuing process that takes place in small steps over a longer period of time.
Making is an iterative process and has to be practiced.
4.3
Technologies
4.3
Technologies
Application
Type
are.na
website
Google Docs
Miro, FigJam
Visual Studio Code
platform
platform
tool
tool
code, tool
collecting references
research repository
writing, organising
mapping, ideating
coding html, css, web-development
Arduino
Blender
Figma
node.js
Processing
p5js
Prompting
Python
Touch Designer
Unity
Unreal Engine
hardware, microcontroller
3D modelling, animation
ui/ux, wireframe, prototypes
system, desktop, server
generative, design, interactivity
web-based, generative, design
various generative AI tools
system, desktop, AI, machine learning
interactivity, real-time audio-visual
interactivity, mobile, AR, real-time
real-time, 3D, interactivity, VR
code (Arduino, c/c++)
ui, node-based, code (python)
ui, node-based
code (javascript)
code (java)
code (javascript)
text
node-based (python)
code, node-based (C#)
node-based
4.3
Technologies
Application
Availability
3D printer
Electronics*
Lasercutter
Paper
Screen
Sound recorder
Sound system
experiment, prototype, artefact
experiment, prototype, artefact
experiment, prototype, artefact
experiment, prototype, artefact
experiment, prototype, artefact
experiment, prototype, artefact
experiment, prototype, artefact
workshop
self, lab, sim lim
lab
self
self, lab
self (phone), lab (zoom recorder)
self, lab
* sensors, microcontrollers, motors, led lights, tools
4.3
Technologies
Generative AI and ChatGPT
4.3
Acknowledging the use of generative AI in your work
For this assignment (Dissertation), you are allowed to use GenAI solely for certain functions, which will be explicitly stated. Any use of GenAI must be acknowledged. Some examples of what we might allow AI to be used for:
→ Create text that you'll then need to change to fit your specific situation or perspective
→ Summarise topics to give you a starting point for more in-depth research without using AI
Your writing must be your own.
Remember that you are in school to learn and become an independent learner and eventually an expert in your field of study and practice.
Generative AI tools can help you achieve your ideas, visions, futures, but keep in mind that the quality of your work is determined by talent, practice and knowledge.
Dissertation
B-DC323
Technologies
Generative AI and ChatGPT
4.3
You are free to use generative AI tools in any way that helps you in your learning for this class. However, any usage of generative AI must be properly acknowledged and communicated.
You need to provide a statement of use that clarifies what, if any, technologies you employed to create content while working on your assignment.
Remember that you are in school to learn and become an independent learner and eventually an expert in your field of study and practice.
Generative AI tools can help you achieve your ideas, visions, futures, but keep in mind that the quality of your work is determined by talent, practice and knowledge.
Acknowledging the use of generative AI in your work
Graduation Project
B-DC332
Artefacts
The designer encounters a world, which crucially includes designed artefacts as well as people and physical phenomena, and has the job of fashioning something new that works for that world. A significant step on this journey is the development of a proposal, or proposals, about what might be built.
Proposals may vary widely in their specificity, from evocative and unrealisable sketches, to abstract representations of intention, to relatively complete specifications or scenarios. In each case, the role of design proposals is both to create and constrain.
Once a proposal is agreed on, this serves as a brief for further elaboration and refinement of what the artefact will and will not be. Typically this involves a combination of progressively more focused design explorations and proposals, including what Schön (1983) calls a ‘conversation with materials’, as a myriad of decisions are made (Stolterman, 2008) and the artefact that will actually be built is resolved.
Finally, the finished artefact is assessed through some combination of critique, commercial success or failure, and empirical study of what people do with it and how it might affect their lives, until accounts about it settle down, and it is ready to take its place in the world and its artefacts to serve as a context for new designs.
Design Primer, Experiments
Studio, making, prototype
Presentation, testing, showcasing
4.4
Design can function at multiple levels and in different ways. Design professor Richard Buchanan captured his thinking into these ‘four orders of design’ illustrating how design as a discipline has moved from the traditional concept of the visual or tangible artefact through to orchestrating interactions and experiences, and to transforming systems.
Four Orders of Design. Symbols, Objects, Actions, Systems.
Applications
4.5
Four Orders of Design
2D Graphic Design, deals with the nature, shape, and meaning of symbols and consists of four distinct but related activities: typography, illustration, photography, and print. 2
Systems and environments. Environmental design is concerned with “[t]he idea or thought that organizes a system or environment” Therefore, in the fourth order, the focus is on human systems, “the integration of information, physical artifacts, and interactions in environments of living, working, playing, and learning.” 2
4D Interaction. In interaction design, the locus of design is action. Here, the focus is on designing experiences rather than physical objects. 2
3D Industrial Design, industrial design is concerned with tangible, physical artifacts — with things. 2
1 Symbols
3 Actions
2 Objects
4 Systems
Applications
4.5
Four Orders of Design
1 Symbols
2 Objects
3 Actions
4 Systems
Poster
Print publication
Website
3D print
Crafted object
Device
Community
Exhibition
Platform
Spaces
Workshop
Immersive Experience
Installation
Interface
Screen
Applications
4.5
Samples and References
Samples and references
Coded
Generative
Crafted
Interactive
Speculative
Applied
Spaces
Experiences
Technologies
Tools
Aesthetics
Behaviour
5
Samples and references
Superflux
Distributed Design
AIxDesign
Biodesigned
Disnovation Collective
art+com
Zach Lieberman
Google Experiments
Design Emergency
Rhizomatiks
Pentagram
Ideo
iF Design Awards
xCoAx conference
Design through Research conference
Neri Oxman
Alexandra Daisy Ginsberg
oio studio
Design Systems International
Flexible Visual Systems
5
Enjoy what you are
making, be inspired to
inspire others.
Resources
Readings
Learning Portal
Useful tips
Research Seminars
Labs
Generative AI and ChatGPT
1
2
3
4
5
6
Readings
1
Comprehensive list of Design relevant topics including Interaction Design, Design Research, Typography and more put together by Vikas.
Selected Computation in Design and Research related readings by Andreas.
Use library resources in the physical library as well as the e-library effectively.
Useful tips
3
Research seminars, week 3 and 5
4
On Weeks 3 and 5, Dissertation classes will be devoted to research seminars covering one of three methods/approaches:
1. Critical journal (Gideon)
2. Case studies (Vikas)
3. Interviews (Yasser)
Each student only needs to attend two of three seminars listed above. Seminars will be assigned after a sign-up process.
Labs
5
Moving Image
with Kelvin, Tuesdays (3-14)
Image Making and Materiality
with Andri and Tito, Wednesdays (7-12)
The Camera as a Research Tool
with Isidro, Wednesdays (3-13)
Ethics and Representation
with Hera, Thursdays (11)
Computation in Design
with Andreas. Wednesdays (9-12)
Semester 1
Semester 2
Computation in Design
with Andreas. Wednesdays
Generative AI and ChatGPT
6
Generative AI
AI models that can generate open-ended content, often creative content like visuals, music or text.
LLMs
Large Language Models, are advanced computer programs designed to understand and generate human-like text.
Prompting
AI chat prompting is a technique where a computer program provides suggested text or other outputs to help users engage in natural language conversations with AI or to generate creative outcomes like visuals for example.
Hallucination
AI hallucination refers to a situation where an AI system generates content that is not accurate or based on real information, often creating fictional or misleading outputs.
What is this about?
Bias
Bias in AI refers to the presence of unfair or skewed representations and decisions made by artificial intelligence systems, potentially leading to unequal treatment or inaccurate conclusions.
Acknowledging the use of generative AI in your work
For this assignment (Dissertation), you are allowed to use GenAI solely for certain functions, which will be explicitly stated. Any use of GenAI must be acknowledged. Some examples of what we might allow AI to be used for:
→ Create text that you'll then need to change to fit your specific situation or perspective
→ Summarise topics to give you a starting point for more in-depth research without using AI
Your writing must be your own.
Remember that you are in school to learn and become an independent learner and eventually an expert in your field of study and practice.
Generative AI tools can help you achieve your ideas, visions, futures, but keep in mind that the quality of your work is determined by talent, practice and knowledge.
Generative AI and ChatGPT
6
Dissertation
B-DC323
You are free to use GenAI tools in any way that helps you in your learning for this class. However, any usage of GenAI must be properly acknowledged and communicated.
You need to provide a statement of use that clarifies what, if any, technologies you employed to create content while working on your assignment.
Remember that you are in school to learn and become an independent learner and eventually an expert in your field of study and practice.
Generative AI tools can help you achieve your ideas, visions, futures, but keep in mind that the quality of your work is determined by talent, practice and knowledge.
Generative AI and ChatGPT
6
Acknowledging the use of generative AI in your work
Graduation Project
B-DC332
1
Cohort meets for dissertation introduction. Dissertation module, timeline, emphases, resources.
Cohort Briefing, Induction to the Module. Structure and Expectations: timeline, deadlines. Briefing on online repository.
Tuesday
Thursday
Graduation Projects, previous years.
Marcus
Tanishqa
Siyoun
Ryan
Bryan
Attention Span in Brand Experience Understanding Cognitive Load and Attention Span for Brand Experience
Selected projects, 2024.
Creativity as a Commodity Speculating the future of the Creative Industries amid the increasing adoption of generative AI technologies.
Digital Stroll Revamping digital reading for Gen Z through tailored typography and enhanced readability.
Tangible Theater Exploring a new configuration of theater experience through tangible and interactive objects and non-linear narratives.
Artefacts of Fragmentation Provoking reflections on algorithm curation dilemmas through speculative artefacts
Richard
Exhibition beyond Immersive Augmented Reality An investigation into AR interactions within contemporary museums, with the aim of enriching a meaningful experience
Ly
Tactile Playgrounds Assistive navigational tools for visually impaired children
Cheryl
Sculpting Perceptions Exploring textures in digital-physical interaction bridging realms seamlessly.
Yi Shan
Antidotes for Bruised Creatives An exploration of translating displays of expressions to visuals
Momo
Motivation Makeover Cultivating motivation through a guided experience, one challenge at a time.
Aditi
Rachel
Ellie
Ariel
Seoyeon
Interactive Signage. Exploring the design of interactive signages that interpret a neighbourhood’s identity through generative visuals.
Selected projects, 2023.
Ubiquitous Nuisance. A study on the effectiveness of soundwalk as a research tool to discover sources of urban noise in Singapore public parks.
Phygi Land is a global metaverse marketplace that showcases phygital collectibles
Selfscapes. Experiments into the potential of generative visuals as representations of online identities
Bio Interfaces. A speculative project that explores tangible human-plant interactions to reconnect with nature.
Farhan
ZeFuture. Why work hard when you can work smart? This project proposes interactive prototypes that will be taught through a series of workshops to encourage designers to become creative technologists
Matin
Positive Distractions enhances healing spaces with nature-inspired elements: greenery, water, and animals.
Aimee
Urban Plastisphere. Exploring the role of interactive artefacts in soliciting awareness of plastic pollution.
Sadhna
Farm to Fork Phenotype is a series of generative designed interactions utilising provenance and data of chicken to evoke appreciation of our food orgins, from birth to bone.
Sang Hee
Green Plus. Teaching your child eco-friendly habits. This Green + education kit proposes a fun way for kids to play, learn and take action through 4 steps.
Azri
Matthew
Sing Hong
Wan Ying
Zeherng
Re:inventions of Eating investigates the potential of designed friction and engineered discomfort to suggest behavioural alternatives to our modern consumption habits.
Selected projects, 2022.
Title Sequence++ is a collection of experiments that begin to treat title sequences as ‘found material’, presenting iterations of how they could be manipulated beyond their immediate conceptualised form.
Listening Lab investigates the potential of sound experiences to re-examine our relationship with the man-made and natural soundscapes in Singapore.
Hello, I'm Here explores creative technology applications through an interactive and immersive installation.
Sonocular focuses on the visualisation of digital sounds, by rethinking the relationship between our senses of sight and hearing through sound visualisation.
Yi Qing
Crafted Objects is a reflective design and making project that explores the rise of digital fabrication and its effectiveness as a tool for craft production, in order to uncover possibilities for hybrid craft production.
Anushka
Clean Touch aims to help germaphobes feel safer in the post-pandemic world by creating a self-cleaning material out of lotus leaves.
Hannah
The New Exchange seeks to uncover what it means to be virtually present in a physical street dance battle and how social connectedness can be fostered within the street dance community.
Research Repository
The research repository is a selection of documents that support your research. From this list of research documents you should present in brief outlines the key findings and insights that will support and help your research to progress.
Consider the repository as an archive of well organised and structured materials that allow you to present your research, findings, and insights to your supervisor in a comprehensive and clear overview.
Think of this repository as an accumulation of findings over time. Make it available online, ideally you create a website for it or negotiate other online formats with your supervisor.
You can start with an are.na links collection, or a miro or figjam board
The final repository should be organised in a website, there is a repository section in the cpj template
2
Tuesday
Thursday
First group of project presentations.
Project presentations continue.
At the end of this week you should be able to start populating your CPJ, start organising your readings and your research proposal outline
Tuesday
Week 2
At the end of this week you should be able to start populating your CPJ, start organising your readings and your research proposal outline
Presentations and discussion
To start the semester we will hear from each of you where your current research is located and how it has progressed up until now. Based on the given slide deck structure each student will share the current state of their project in a 8 minutes long presentation.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Current state of research topic
Readings
Case studies
Current Knowledge of topic
Practice
Samples
Talent
Keywords
Portfolio sample(s)
iterate
You can tick all the boxes — the project, the design, the research still has to wow.
Subtitle of paper
Summary of readings
Research objective
References
Research Proposal Outline
Include your references here and use the MLA format.
State one or two objectives (or purposes) of your research. At this stage, it helps to imagine an audience or user category that would benefit from your research and value your work.
You may draw from your Literature Review assignment from the previous semester for this section as it is relevant to the ‘literature review’ section of your dissertation later on.
Think of this as your initial or preliminary topic statement and your grasp of issues will be firmer once you have completed an initial round of scouting, sourcing or experimenting.
Appendix
Only if required
Title of paper
your title should be descriptive and concise. Descriptive titles convey the topic of your research so that readers immediately understand what your research is about.
Introduction
Start with or refer to the topic statement in your introduction. Provide a background to your area of research. Keep the scope of research manageable and don’t overreach.
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
Approach/methods
6
The choice of research method(s) should be informed by your research objective. Start with the three frameworks introduced to you: Critical Journal, Edited Interviews, Case Studies.
Research Proposal Outline
The linked document should be of guidance for you to get started with your proposal. It is divided into two parts. The first part, Prepwork, makes suggestions about what to consider before even starting to look at the Research Proposal template. The second part looks at the Research Proposal.
Writing the Research Proposal should be seen as an iterative process and should start sooner rather than later. Consider starting with entering bullet points into the template first which can then, over time, translate into sentences and eventually into a well flowing arrangement of structured paragraphs.
Start putting together your Research Repository
The research repository is a selection of documents that support your research. From this list of research documents you should present in brief outlines the key findings and insights that will support and help your research to progress.
Consider the repository as an archive of well organised and structured materials that allow you to present your research, findings, and insights to your supervisor in a comprehensive and clear overview.
Think of this repository as an accumulation of findings over time. Make it available online, ideally you create a website for it or negotiate other online formats with your supervisor.
You can start with an are.na links collection, or a miro or figjam board
The final repository should be organised in a website, use your CPJ website if you are using the template
Thursday
Week 2
At the end of this week you should be able to start populating your CPJ, start organising your readings and your research proposal outline
Presentations and discussion continues
To start the semester we will hear from each of you where your current research is located and how it has progressed up until now. Based on the given slide deck structure each student will share the current state of their project in a 8 minutes long presentation.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Current state of research topic
Readings
Case studies
Current Knowledge of topic
Practice
Samples
Talent
Keywords
Portfolio sample(s)
Creative Process Journal website template
At the end of this session we will look at the creative process journal website template.
Until then, organise your notes, images and other materials on your computer and transfer them over to your creative process journal when it is ready to be populated with your content.
Research Proposal Outline
Begin with writing your Research Proposal outline based on the structure and details given in the presentation during the cohort sessions in week 1 and during the atelier session this week.
Use a Google Docs document and prepare it to be reviewed in our week 3 Tuesday session. Begin with your organising your reading, here use a spreadsheet to list your readings and keep track of important sections or sentences that your come across while reading. At the same time, prepare your literature review.
3
Tuesday
Thursday
Workshops on Critical Journal, Interviews and Case Studies
Group Consultations
Tuesday
Week 3
At the end of this week you should be able to start writing your Research Proposal Outline
First round of seminars on Critical Journal, Interviews and Case Studies
Tuesday week 3
Slides from workshops
Genral framework slides
Thursday
Week 3
First round of consultations in groups of 3, the schedule has been shared with you.
4
Tuesday
Thursday
Workshop on Sketching and Experiments
Consultation: Research Proposal progress (title, subtitle, topic statement, introduction, summary of readings)
Tuesday
Week 4
At the end of this week you should be able to review your first RPO draft and make necessary changes so that you can meet the word count for each section when you share your next draft in Week 5
Group consultations to review the first draft of RPOs: the grouping remain the same as Thursday, Week 3.
Tuesday Session
Research Proposal Outline
At this point, your Research Proposal Outline (RPO) must present an initial but indicatory coverage of the following sections:
— Title
— Subtitle, Topic Statement
— Introduction
— Summary of Readings
Write in bullet points or full sentences to cover the above sections. If you are able to cover
— Research Objective
— Approach/methods
Tuesday Session
Research Proposal Outline
Content and Argument
Introduction and articulation of research questions and supporting arguments appropriate to the context of the proposed research.
Organisation of ideas and information demonstrated through appropriate literature review
Research Methodology
Breadth and depth of research.
Appropriate representation of research methodology and theoretical frameworks
Academic Referencing and Citation
Appropriate and consistent use of citations and references
Structure and Clarity
Express and interpret ideas and information effectively, using an appropriate written structure
Tuesday Session
Research Proposal Outline
Research Pillar 2
It is recommended to organise your research into 3 pillars. This will help you to limit, compact and focus your research, literature review and discussion.
Research Pillar 1
Research Pillar 3
Tuesday Session
Week 4
Think
About
World
Reader
Text
Write
Writing will be less about yourself but more importantly, about your readers. You write to think about the world, readers read your work to see the world through your writing and making.
Your work is the contribution of your findings to the body of accepted knowledge in your field. It is less about conveying your new knowledge or your ideas than it is about changing your readers ideas, thoughts, the way they think through your contribution–know your reader. It is not enough to know your subject matter. You got to know your readers.
World views
The reader
Use your writing process to help you with thinking and building your work.
Write to be valuable. Value is in the reader. This is, the reader values your writing because it is useful to them, valuable.
Value and valuable
Think and write
Has to make sense to you
Has to be valuable to your readers
Tuesday Session
Week 4
Make your research and your project meaningful, valuable, and impactful to your audience.
Build connections between the knowledge that already exists and your own research and work.
It's not about you. This is the secret to your own work: understand that it is not about what's in your head.
In some ways, it's not even about what we see, read; what is on paper or on a screen. It's about what your writing, your designed outcomes are making happen in your audience's head.
objective over subjective views
Questions about methods came up during the consultation session and how they fit into the Critical Journal framework.
The Critical Journal framework will guide you through your research and practical work in a chronological and structured way. You will critically document, analyse, reflect and write about your making at different stages.
How will you make? Different milestones will be defined by using and applying relevant methods in the process.
Critical Journal Notes
For example in the beginning of your work you will conduct a series of experiments: Brainstorming, concept sketch, sensorial, empathy map, mash-up.
This is followed by more defined prototypes: such as for example (but not only) Prototyping, clickable prototype, workshop.
At certain stages you will need feedback which you can get through: Observation, testing. focus groups
Note that the above is only an example, but the methods are a good fit for a work that uses the critical journal framework, be selective though
When you're working on your project and research, always ask yourself why it's important, why is it meaningful, who it's valuable for, who can benefit from it, and how.
Tuesday Session
Week 4
Critical Journal Notes
When you're working on your project and research, always ask yourself why it's important, why is it meaningful, who it's valuable for, who can benefit from it, and how.
Tuesday Session
Week 4
The slides go through the requirements, methods and approaches in much detail, please review and study this resource carefully, it is a great guide to conduct your making, reflect and write about it in your dissertation.
Critical Journal Notes
When you're working on your project and research, always ask yourself why it's important, why is it meaningful, who it's valuable for, who can benefit from it, and how.
Tuesday Session
Week 4
What are we searching for through practice and research? Some examples
Understanding a range of different practices–using one's own practice to contrast/compare those of other practitioners.
Being a catalyst in participatory action research where creative practice can actively involve, inform and inspire others.
Using the skills of the artist/designer to visualise and understand complex processes (perhaps in other fields)–making the invisible visible.
Providing knowledge transfer of mutual benefit between different 'worlds' of practice and research, for example art/design higher education and industry.
Critical Journal Notes
click image for conference proceedings
Sample Paper 1
Sample Paper 2
Sample Paper 3
Sample Paper 4
The selected papers on the right can give you a better idea of how a project can be presented in writing by critically documenting, analysing, reflecting one's research and practical work. Have a read and browser through the proceedings as well.
Tuesday Session
Week 4
Thursday Session
Week 4
5
Tuesday
Thursday
On Making & Consultation: By schedule, in groups of four, 50 mins per group.
Workshops on Critical Journal, Interviews and Case Studies.
Tuesday
Week 5
At the end of next week (week 6), aim to complete your first RPO draft and settle on your research approach and framework.
You should have started to populate your CPJ, don't delay this any further.
We will take a look at the Catalogue of Making this week, and you should then consider your approach to this catalogue which documents your making and will be a deliverable at the end of the semester.
Thursday
Week 5
Let's start making.
Second round of seminars on Critical Journal, Interviews and Case Studies
Tuesday week 5
Slides from workshops
Genral framework slides
Tim Brown, Ideo.
"Don't think of it as failure, think of it as designing experiments through which you’re going to learn."
A project by Space10 & IKEA
Thursday Session On Making
Sharing
9:30 – 12:30pm
I will meet you in small groups of 4 to go over the following points regarding your RPO and studio work: close in on research pillars and framework, making and experiments, skills and tools to move forward.
While I talk to each group, the others should engage in group discussions and making, see below.
Making
9:30 – 12:30pm
While others share their studio progress, you will initiate more experiments. To keep track, we should catalogue what we make, let's call it the Catalogue of Making. How? See next slides.
While others share their studio progress, you will initiate more experiments. To keep track, we should catalogue what we make, let's call it the Catalogue of Making.
Catalogue of Making
We started with initial experiments and tasks on week 2. The Sketching and Experiments Workshop from last week should not be seen as a finished exercise, but a beginning for your ongoing work and continuous making, which will only come to a conclusion with the exhibition of your practical work.
To capture and document your studio work (failed or successful), catalogue them in a designed document, the Catalogue of Making.
The Catalogue of Making is primarily a visual collection with annotations. Short text segments or quotes are welcome. The Catalogue is high in visual quality and minimal in design. It is indexed, browsable and enjoyable to the eye and mind. Think Experimental Jetset.
How is this different from the Creative Process Journal? The Catalogue of Making is a curated collection of your studio work that you have produced so far–and will produce in the future. It is primarily visual with annotations and can be a mix of your own sketches, activities, experiments, etc and can be supported by found and collected materials.
Thursday Session On Making
Next Slide
Catalogue of Making examples
Catalogue of Making
The Catalogue of Making is primarily a visual collection with annotations. Short text segments or quotes are welcome. The Catalogue is high in visual quality and minimal in design. It is indexed, browsable and enjoyable to the eye and mind. Think Experimental Jetset.
How is this different from the Creative Process Journal? The Catalogue of Making is a curated collection of your studio work that you have produced so far–and will produce in the future. It is primarily visual with annotations and can be a mix of your own sketches, activities, experiments, etc and can be supported by found and collected materials.
These formats can be used (one or a combination of) printed booklet, web-based, video
Start going on field trips and record what you see, hear, feel
Scan many physical objects from tiny to big and start archiving them
Build simple websites with hyperlinks creating non-linear narratives
Build more sensor based experiments then translate data into sound and visuals
Capture as much wasted food as possible that you come across in public spaces
Continue defining your own tasks, activities. Initiate new experiments and inform your making. You can start in class and then continue to carry out your making over the next couple of days. Write them down, then plan, prepare and carry out your work. Don't overthink, find some examples to get started on the right. These are examples and may not apply to your project, so rephrase.
Learn a new skill that will allow you to apporach your ideas from a different angle
Make more mindmaps but don't use words
Search the internet for more references, but take the time to study them, then visually illustrate your findings.
Grow your own plants and care for them
Design patterns by hand, then in code
Code a little more every day, hang in there.
Come up with an interactive storytelling concept for each of the next 5 days
Make your own tools and try with friends
Co-create with machines using publicly available prompting apps powered by AI
Lets hear and see from you next week what you could come up with and make.
Create brand identities for everyday objects or places that you come across daily
Thursday Session On Making
Some starters
6
Tuesday
Thursday
Studio work, practical work review and feedback
Individual Consultation 1.1: Research proposal, by schedule, each 20 mins.
Recap Week 1 – 5
Week 1 and 2 were primarily about introducing you to the dissertation and the studio work for this year-long final project. Milestones and deliverables were shared with you, as well as the various resources for writing your research proposal outline (RPO), which will be the first deliverable to be submitted on week 9.
Studio work in week 3 and 4 focused on establishing the relevance and approach of conducting experiments to not only support the development of one's research, but also to engage in an ongoing process of making through which ideas can be expressed, experienced or tested. On Tuesdays, we primarily looked at and discussed the different sections of the RPO. In individual or group sessions, suggestions were made on how to focus and move forward with one's research.
Week 5 focused on further developing your RPO. The pace of development varies from student to student, and obstacles should be addressed in a timely manner if necessary. Furthermore, you continued to define and develop options and methods for your studio to support your research and provide an approach to your practical work.
At this point, you should have completed an outline in bullet points and gathered relevant readings to support your research. Your Creative Process Journal should be developed by now to document your progress and findings.
As you progress, the focus will be on formalising and finalising your RPO so that your supervisor can read a draft by week 6 and 7. Your practical work should continue to develop as well. The outcomes produced so far should be consolidated and presented on week 7, Thursday, on a table setup in the studio. At the end of week 7 you will prepare studio work for formative feedback.
1–2
3–4
5
Looking ahead, 6–7
Table setups
Table setups
Table setups
Table setups
Table setups
Table setups
Table setups
Studio
Repository, are.na or figma, curated
Documentation slide deck
Creative Process Journal
up-to-date
RPO
Research Proposal Outline Draft
Reading List
submit by Saturday 30.9. 2:00pm
check
check
We have conducted sessions on experiments which should have helped you to get started making. Results that you have created so far will go into your a slide deck (see week 5 email), a precursor to the Catalogue of Making.
link to are.na or figma, selected findings important to one's research should be organised and structured, from the CPJ website template use the Repository section to curate.
Document your experiments and tasks that you have carried out so far and curate them in this slide deck
Looking ahead to Week 7, formative assessment.
7–9
Tuesday
Thursday
Independent study
Final Project development
Progress feedback
Independent study
Research Proposal Outline consultation
Submission
11–12
Tuesday
Thursday
Independent study
Consultations
Independent study
Consultations
From RPO to Dissertation
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Step 1 / 3
Introduction, you already covered the following 3 sections in your RPO, this should be a good opportunity for you to review and update the key points for each section to move forward with your Dissertation:
→ Background
→ Literature Review
→ Research Objective
Introduction
Approaches and methods
Discussion
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Step 2 / 3
Approaches and methods, you already covered this part in your RPO, review and update the key approaches and methods you intend to use. Will this change over time?
Introduction
Approaches and methods
Discussion
From RPO to Dissertation
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Step 3 / 3
Discussion, this is a new section which has not been part of your RPO, this section will be your Critical Journal.
The Critical Journal approach will mean that you write the discussion section periodically and continuously. You can already populate this section with the practical exercises you have conduced so far–your tasks, experiments and eventually your prototypes.
Be mindful of how you write and keep a good balance between descriptive, critical, analytical and reflective writing. Consider to go back and forth between your practical work and your writing.
Introduction
Approaches and methods
Discussion
From RPO to Dissertation
24–25
Prototyping
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
This session is intended to begin the transition from conducting experiments to prototyping as you move into the next phase of your FYP, writing your dissertation while working on your practical work.
24–25
Prototyping
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Looking back at our first workshop in term 1, this workshop looked at different angles of what experiments, experimenting, could mean at the early stage of a design research project.
The intention was to give you initial pointers to making small things quickly, experiments that get you into the mode and mood of making.
Experiments at this point differ, for example, from scientific experiments that aim to test, evaluate, and prove a hypothesis.
An experiment here refers to quickly testing an idea, practicing by trial and error, just making, trying and testing the unknown (technique), and learning through a process of approximation and correction until a satisfactory state is reached.
A prototype, on the other hand, should show more intent and planning. It can be derived from a previous experiment. A prototype should be testable (by users, your target audience), refined and eventually lead to the final design outcome.
Experiment vs Prototype
24–25
Prototyping
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Experiment
trying things out, develop an understanding, learning by making, materializing ideas
Prototype
A planned activity with the intent to explore, learn, and comprehend; test and experience
Experiment vs Prototype
24–25
Prototyping
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Some of the purposes that prototypes fulfil are
Exploring You can use prototypes to explore problems, ideas, and opportunities within a specific area of focus and test out the impact of incremental or radical changes.
Learning and Understanding Use prototypes in order to better understand the dynamics of a problem, product, or system by physically engaging with them and picking apart what makes them work or fail.
Engaging, Testing, and Experiencing Use prototyping to engage with end users or stakeholders, in ways that reveal deeper insight and more valuable experiences, to inform design decisions going forward. Inspiring and Motivating Use prototypes to sell new ideas, motivate buy-in from internal or external stakeholders, or inspire markets toward radical new ways of thinking and doing.
What a prototype can do
24–25
Prototyping
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
The term prototype, along with the verb prototyping, has become popular in design research, and especially so in interaction design. Originally, the term indicated a precursor of a mass-produced product, which shares its material qualities, but will undergo testing and development during implementation. In design research, the term prototype is also used for all kinds of product-like physical constructions.
In interaction design, paper prototyping can be as simple as drawings on paper. Prototypes are a narrower category than artifacts. They are ‘like products’ in the sense that someone can interact with them and experience them, whereas sketches and blueprints are less direct representations about—rather than realizations of—intended situations and interactions.
The term ‘artifact’ originates in anthropology/archeology, and refers to a man-made thing, usually a material object. In the Research through Design literature, some authors use the term ‘artifact’ (or, in British/Commonwealth English, ‘artefact’) with this meaning that we reserve for ‘prototype’, but without making the difference explicit. In this chapter, we use the distinctions above – that every prototype involves an artifact or artifacts, but that not every artifact is a ‘prototype’
What a prototype can do
24–25
Prototyping
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Low fidelity versus high fidelity using the example of a digital product
Effort
Fidelity
Sketching
Paper Prototype
Wireframe
Digital Prototype
Mockup
Coded Prototype
Prototypes
Interactive Applications
The fidelity of a prototype refers to its level of completeness, functionality and detail. The degree of completeness of the prototypes you build depends on the stage of progress:
Low fidelity: low cost, rough and quick to build
Medium fidelity: slightly more detailed, still rough but closer to the solution
High fidelity: much closer to final, very detailed and much more time-consuming
This represents a scale of completeness or closeness to the final product, which differs depending on the type of solutions and needs of the situation. Prototypes can also have different parts with varying levels of fidelity.
For example, you can build a prototype with high visual fidelity but with low functional fidelity — which would be useful if you were testing the visual aspects, rather than functional aspects, of the prototype. The main aspects, which are the focus of the prototype, should receive more focus and, ideally, higher fidelity.
The fidelity of a prototype
24–25
Prototyping
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
How do prototypes (often) look like
Sketching
Paper Prototype
Wireframe
Digital Prototype
Mockup
Coded Prototype
Prototypes
Interactive Applications
24–25
Prototyping
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
How could our prototyping ideally look like
Sketching and Paper Prototyping
Coded prototypes and Hands-on making
Screen-based and Physical Prototyping
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Case Studies
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Case Studies
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Case Study 1
Carelets is a collection of wearable accessories designed to promote environmentally conscious consumerism in order to create a global "just enough" consumer culture for a sustainable future.
Its objective is to help its users to understand the supply chain and waste management of things we consume. We argue that the supply chain and the production of consumer goods as well as the disposal of used goods are becoming more and more complex and invisible and therefore less apparent to the consumer itself.
By participating in the Carelets initiative one is encouraged to wear at least one Carelet to identify and monitor their purchasing behaviour. A Carelet provides one with an on-the-spot feedback when attempting to buy a new product. We provide users with an open database of supply chain and waste management information to monitor and evaluate a user's consumer behavior. A tactile response reminds you of a product’s impact on the environment.
During this one week long workshop (Singapore, 2015) we used methods from the open prototyping model developed by workshop facilitator FutureEverything.
Carelets
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Case Study 2
A hallmark of human-centered design is rapid prototyping and iterating on the fly. A project team working in Ethiopia on designing a new device to plant teff—a grain and staple of Ethiopian cuisine—put our process to the test when a prototype of their planter came face to face with the Ethiopian soil.
Transporting the planter from San Francisco to rural Ethiopia was one thing, but the real challenge came when engineer and team member Ravi Prakash set out to push it through a field of muddy soil.
“Suddenly, Ravi’s steps started getting smaller. Watching him was like seeing time slow down,” reported project lead Martin Schnitzer. “He was barely 50 feet down the field and the wheels had picked up enough mud to make it nearly impossible to move any further. We knew the mud would be challenging but we didn’t think it would render the planter useless so quickly. Deflated, we felt like we were thrown back to the beginning of our challenge.”
Prototyping and Iteration: A device to plant teff
The team was quickly back in the shop of a local agricultural research center trying to figure out what to do with the planter’s wheels. They played with a variety of solutions, quickly moving through ideas like spiked wheels and skis, until one of the local metal workers had a suggestion: wrap the wheels in burlap.
“Wrapping the wheels in burlap isn’t an idea we could have ever come up with in a brainstorm,” said Schnitzer, ”and burlap certainly isn’t on any list of new high tech materials. However, using burlap came from keeping an open mind to trying new solutions. It came from talking to people who understand the conditions best and by sharing the excitement of this project with others to gain inspiration from a number of places.”
In the end, burlap worked wonderfully well. And though the wheels of the final product are made of harder-wearing stuff, the burlap fix allowed the team to get back out into the soil and test other elements of the planters with the farmers who’ll use them.
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Case Study 3
Roboarm
Roboarm is a physical object. Two motors and a proximity sensor mounted on a tripod constitute Roboarm's exterior. On the inside is a set of rules that determine its behavior. Roboarm is intended to give the impression of a self-obsessed and contented machine. As long as it is not interrupted, it sporadically 'draws' simple calculations in mid-air. A sensor attached to the tip of the arm behaves like a pair of eyes – upon sensing any obstruction, Roboarm shies away. Some audience reactions that could be observed and recorded when on public display:
Motion sensor and presence of movement triggers a response but unsure of whether presence vs continuous movement is required
It moves when our hands are near the top of the handle
I had to find the sensor
I was looking for how I could interact and then waving around helped
I was a bit confused as to why it started to move even after I wasn’t near the sensor
It was fun to play with as it avoids your hand
I waved to the roboarm and there were some form of reply
Almost like a responsive AI Machine to me, i can foresee many outcomes from this work, so i think it is not random.
At times it seemed random but the response was overall quite clear
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
You will be working in pairs. As a team of two, each of you will draw and map out a timeline of your studio project, how did it go so far?
Highs
Lows
Then
What are some low points and what are the high points you encountered over time? Be visual (draw doodles) and add short descriptive notes.
15
You can draw your journey map onto a piece of paper using the above as your starting point
Reflection
Now
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
You will be working in pairs. As a team of two, each of you will draw and map out a timeline of your studio project, how did it go so far?
Highs
Lows
Then
What are some low points and what are the high points you encountered over time? Be visual (draw doodles) and add short descriptive notes.
10
Reflection
Now
Together, pick a low point for each of you and discuss how it could be resolved. Use the sheet of paper on which you drew your journey map.
Action
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Approach
The only way to experience an experience is to experience it.
Bill Moggridge
was a British designer, author and educator who cofounded the design company IDEO
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Documenting
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Documenting
Product shots, clean background so that the focus is solely on the subject. Use a good camera, tripod if necessary, and appropriate lighting.
Semester 1
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Documenting
Product shots, clean background so that the focus is solely on the subject. Use a good camera, tripod if necessary, and appropriate lighting.
Semester 1
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Documenting
Product shots, clean background so that the focus is solely on the subject, add hands to show interactivity. Use a good camera, tripod if necessary, and appropriate lighting.
Semester 1
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Documenting
In action, in use: pictures of the work with people interacting or looking at the work. These photos can be staged and choreographed, or taken during a show and tell or exhibition with audience. Use a good camera, a tripod if necessary and adequate lighting.
Semester 1
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Documenting
Avoid
In action, in use: pictures of the work with people interacting or looking at the work. These photos can be staged and choreographed, or taken during a show and tell or exhibition with audience. Use a good camera, a tripod if necessary and adequate lighting.
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Documenting: Take inspiration from the many projects presented on the Creative Applications platform
24–25
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Documenting, Case Studies
24–25
Scenario Builder
Scenario
Video documentation
Tech rundown
Demonstration
Prototype
Lifestyle
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Documenting, Case Studies
Semester 1
24–25
Explainer
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Documenting, Case Studies
How-to
Video documentation
Functionality
Prototype
Semester 1
24–25
Experiencer
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Documenting, Case Studies
How-to
Video documentation
Interaction
Experience
Tech demonstration
Prototype
Semester 1
24–25
Planner
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Documenting, Case Studies
Thought process
Diagrams
Synthesis
Mockup
Idea
Semester 1
24–25
Prototyper
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Documenting, Case Studies
Scenario
Workable
Video documentation
Making
Speculation
Prototype
Semester 1
24–25
Prototyper
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Documenting, Case Studies
Scenario
Environment
Video documentation
Tech setup
Tech rundown
Prototype
24–25
13
Tuesday
Thursday
Submission Briefing
Independent study
Consultations
Independent study
Consultations
Roadmap to submission
About the Prototype
Review slides from week 11–12, some questions to keep in mind:
→ what is the difference between an experiment and a prototype?
→ a prototype can be of low and high fidelity, at this point, which type of prototype-fidelity works best for you?
→ Presentation matters. Did you review the section (week 11-12) where the documentation of prototypes is covered, how did others document their prototypes?
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
24–25
Deliverables
1. Catalogue of Making
2. Prototype(s)
3. Overview Presentation
4. CPJ
Summative Assessment
requirements: Practical Portfolio
Deliverable 1
*
→ Prototype(s)
One or two prototypes and their documentation (format to be discussed based on nature of prototype).
Physical outcomes can be displayed at students workspace and should be audio-visually documented in a digital format and submitted as a single PDF or website *
Deliverable 2
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
24–25
Deliverable 3
1. Context
(background, rationale, key concepts)
2. Summary of precedents / influences
3. Summary of body of work
4. Statement (design statement / artist statement / problem statement / manifesto)
5. Next steps (design primer*, experiments, proposal for Sem 2)
→ Overview Presentation
single PDF
structure and content for this presentation, see outline on the right
Your design primer should provide a concise introduction to your planned study, research and design activities. Ideally, it will cover objectives, approaches and methods applicable to your practical work and serve as a starting point for the work undertaken from here on. Your design primer may include key principles of aesthetics, making, usability and problem solving and provides a foundational understanding for the further exploration you will undertake in semester 2.
*
Summative Assessment
requirements: Practical Portfolio
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
24–25
You chose one of the following formats to keep your weekly updates as a Creative Process Journal: Website, Publication, or Google Docs document.
For your CPJ submission, make sure it is updated and complete for each week of the semester, remove all placeholders and replace with your own content.
→ up-to-date weekly updates
→ Repository (part of your website CPJ under repository)
folder containing HTML, CSS and JS (if applicable) files for websites with considerations for basic web design and development
PDF (compulsory) and printed copy (optional) for physical multipage documents with considerations for basic page design and production
URL for Google Docs
for online multipage documents with consideration for online document features and capabilities
One of the following options
Summative Assessment
requirements: CPJ
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
24–25
Suggestions on how to write your
Design Statement
Prepare your design statement (80-120 words). A design statement briefly articulates the intent, vision and conceptual foundation of your project, outlining its objectives, target audience if applicable and the key design elements or principles that are guiding its development.
It typically includes the problem being addressed, the proposed solution and the expected impact, value, outcome.
1. You can start with a brief introduction to the project, including its title, and then articulate the problem or challenge the project aims to address.
2. Then set the context for why the project is needed and what issues it aims to address.
Design Statement
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
24–25
3. You can then address the research objective and goals, and outline the intended outcomes and what the project intends to achieve.
4. If applicable, briefly mention the target audience of the project, a short description of who the design is for.
5. You can mention the design concept and approaches taken to address the research objective (this may or may not align with your dissertation methods/approaches)
6. If applicable, you can elaborate on what makes your project unique or innovative and how it differs from existing solutions. Do you expect the project to have an impact, e.g. how can it benefit your target audience or how does it contribute to the broader context of your project?
B-DC 332
Graduation Project
Computation in Design
Semester 1
Submission for Summative Assessment
24–25
Mon 25 Nov 2024, 2:30pm
cid-atelier-2425-1
By Andreas Schlegel
