Harry S. Truman, 33rd president.

In office: April 12, 1945 - January 20 1953

Vice: Alben .W Barkley, 1949 - 1953

Political Party: Democrat

Before Presidency 

Early Life

Harry S. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri on May 8th, 1884, the son of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen (Young) Truman. The family, which soon included another boy, Vivian, and a girl, Mary Jane moved several times during Truman's childhood and youth- first, in 1887, to a farm near Grandview, then, in 1890, to Independence, and finally, in 1902, to Kansas City. Young Harry attended public schools in Independence, graduating high school in 1902. After leaving school, he worked briefly as a timekeeper for a railroad construction contractor, then as a clerk in two Kansas city banks. In 1906 he returned to Grandview to help his father run the family farm. He continued working as a farmer for more than ten years.

Serving

From 1905 to 1911, Truman served in the Missouri National Guard. When the United States entered World War 1 in 1917, he helped organize the 2nd Regiment of Missouri Field Artillery, which was quickly called into Federal service as the 129th Field Artillery and sent to France. Truman was promoted to Captain and given the command of the regiment's Battery D. He and his unit saw action in Vosges, Saint Mihiel and MueseArgonne campaigns. Truman joined the reserves after the war, rising eventually to the rank of colonal. He sought to return to active duty at the outbreak of World War 2 but Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall declined his offer to serve.

Family

On June 28, 1919, Truman married Bess Wallace, whom he had known since childhood. Their only child, Mary Margaret, was born on February 17, 1924. From 1919 to 1922 he ran a men's clothing store in Kansas City with his wartime friend, Eddie Jacobson. The store failed in the postwar recession. Truman narrowly avoided bankruptcy, and through determination and over many years he paid off his share of the store's debts.

From Judge to Senator

Truman was elected in 1922, to become one of the three judges of the Jackson County Court, Judge Truman whose duties were in fact administrative rather than judicial, built a reputation for honesty and efficiency in the management of county affairs, He was defeated for reelection in 1924, but won election as presenting judge in the Jackson County Court in 1926. He won reelection in 1930. In 1934, Truman was elected to the United States Senate. He had significant roles in the passage of the law of the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 and the Transportation Act of 1940. After being reelected in 1940, Truman gained national prominence as chairman of  the Senate Special committee to Investigate the National Defense Program. The committee, which  came to be called the Truman Committee, sought with considerable success to ensure that defense contractors delivered  to the nation quality goods at fair prices.  

Presidency

Becoming President

In July, 1944, Truman was nominated to run for Vice President with President Franklin D. Roosevelt. On January 20, 1945, he took the vice-presidential oath, and after President Roosevelt's unexpected death, only 82 days later on April 12, 1945, he was sworn in as the nations'  thirty-third President.

Year of decisions 

Truman later called his first year as a President a "year of decisions." During his first two months in office he oversaw the war in Europe. He participated in a conference at Potsdam, Germany governing defeated Germany, and to lay some groundwork for the final stage of the war of Japan. Truman approved the dropping of two atomic bombs on Japan on August 6 and 9, 1945. Japan surrendered on August 15, and American forces of occupation began to land by the end of the month. This first year of Truman's  presidency also saw the founding of the United Nations and the development of an increasingly strained and confidential relationship with the Soviet Union.

Waging War

Under took in his foreign policy was the desire to prevent the expansion of the influence of the Soviet Union. The Truman Doctrine was an enunciation of American willingness to provide military aid to countries resisting communist insurgencies; the Marshall Plan sought to revive the economics of the Nations of Europe  in the hope that communism would not thrive in the midst of prosperity; the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation built in built in a military barrier confronting the Soviet-dominated part of Europe. Truman's recognition of Israel in May  1948 demonstrated his support for democracy and his commitment to a homeland for the Jewish people. The one time during his presidency when a communist nation invaded a non-communist one, when North Korea invaded South Korea in June 1950 - Truman responded by waging undeclared war.

In his domestic policies, Truman sought to accomplish the difficult transition from a war to a peace economy without plunging the nation into recession. He hoped to extend New Deal social programs to include more government protection and services and to reach more people. he was successful in achieving a healthy peacetime economy, but only a few of his social program proposals became law. The Congress which was more Republican in its membership during his presidency than it had been during Franklin Roosevelt's, did not usually share Truman's desire to build on the legacy of the New Deal.

Civil Rights

The Truman administration went considerably beyond the New Deal in the area of civil rights. Although, the conservative Congress opposed Truman's desire to achieve civil rights legislation, he was able to use his powers as President to achieve some important changes. He issued executive orders desecrating the armed forces and forbidding racial discrimination  in Federal employment. He also established a Committee on Civil Rights and encouraged the Justice Department to argue before the Supreme Court on behalf of plaintiffs against segregation. 

In 1948, Truman won reelection. His defeat had been widely expected and often predicted, but Truman's energy in undertaking his campaign and hos willingness to confront issues won a plurality of the electorate for him. His famous "Whistlestop" campaign tour through the country has passed into political folklore, as has the photograph of the beaming Truman holding up the newspaper whose headline proclaimed, "Dewey Defeats Truman."

After Presidency 

Moving On

Truman left the presidency and retired to Independence in 1953. For the nearly two decades of his life remaining to him, delighted in being "Mr.Citizen," as he called himself in a book of memoirs. He spent his days reading , writing, lecturing, and taking long brisk walks. He took particular satisfaction in founding and supporting his Library, which made his papers available to scholars, and which opened  its doors to everyone who wished to have a glimpse of his remarkable life and career.

Death

Harry S. Truman died on December 26, 1972. Bess Truman died on October 18, 1982. They both died of disease. They are buried side by side in the Library's courtyard.

His Legacy

Truman's ideas and choices will be remembered for centuries. Like when he made the decision to drop the atomic bombs, or forbidding racial discrimination  in Federal employment, or his stunning reelection in 1948.

The End