Attackers want your data and they're getting it from your API

Tim Bond

php[tek] - May 17, 2023

Who am I?

PHP developer
API developer
API connoisseur
Frontend developer
(when I have to be)
Cyclocross racer

Who am I NOT?

Lawyer
Security expert
Penetration tester
Knower of everything
Cat 1 cyclocross racer

What is this talk?

Things I've seen
Things I can talk about
Written from a mobile app perspective
Still applicable to web APIs
Also applicable to M2M APIs

What is this talk NOT?

A hacking workshop
The answer to every question
The only thing you should consider
Targeting SaaS APIs (e.g. Stripe, Twilio)
Going to have any more cyclocross references

What is considered an API?

For the web app
For the mobile app
AJAX endpoints
Partner integrations
Internal integrations
Webpages*

Why attack an API?

Curiosity/data mining
Espionage or "competitor analysis"
Grudge
No other way to get data
Want to build their own frontend/bot
API key application was rejected
Automation

'Automating' comes from the roots 'auto-' meaning 'self-', and 'mating', meaning 'screwing'.

Image credit: XKCD "Automation", licensed Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5

TL;DR:

Limit your API responses
- Only the data you need to make the app work
Only who needs to see it
Ongoing monitoring - automated and human-assisted

Code bugs > everything else

Google+ breach in November 2018
52.5 million users
- Name
- Email address
- Occupation
- Gender
- Age

An example app

Obscurity != Security

Let's hack it!

Set up a packet sniffer
- Counter measure: use HTTPS
Set up a Man-In-The-Middle attack
- Counter measure: use certificate pinning
Bypass certificate pinning
- Counter measure: dynamic integrity check
- Maybe: check for root

iOS Call Recorder app

[security researcher Anand] Prakash could view and modify the network traffic going in and out of the app. That meant he could replace his phone number registered with the app with the phone number of another app user, and access their recordings on his phone."

Let's hack it!

GET http://api.example.com/items
POST http://api.example.com/analytics
PUT http://api.example.com/scan/498044355635
POST http://api.example.com/analytics

Look at the payload: `GET /items`

[
    {
        "title": "Bleach",
        "upc": 0498044355635
    },
    // more items
]

Look at the payload: `PUT /scan/nnn`

{
    "user_id": 1234,
    "latitude": 41.9972705,
    "longitude": -87.8834467
}

How can we hack it?

API has no authentication 🥳
There are some analytics, but we can probably ignore that
Upon opening the app, we get a list of all the products
- Just iterate over that list and send 10 PUT requests
- Put it in a cron job and you'll have a coupon every time you shop
- Set it up for your friends (just get their ID)

Let's keep exploring the API

Try some other routes
- It looks RESTful, so how about /user/123
- Or /users
Any docs? Try URLs like /docs or /swagger.json
Let's try a route we know doesn't exist, and see if we get a stack trace

Rate limiters

/user/123
/user/124

(more on this later)

A case for UUIDs

/users/123
- /users/124
/users/FA091B58-B0E8-46E9-8DEE-592EBA4D62C4
- ??

Get User Example

// GET /api/users/{id}
public function getUser(string $id) {
    return $this->database->getUser($id);
}

View Models to the Rescue

public function getUser(string $id) {
    $info = $this->database->getUser($id);
    
    if($this->currentUser->isAdmin()) {
        return new AdminUserResponse($info);
    } elseif($this->currentUser->id == $info->id) {
    	return new UserResponse($info);
    } else {
        return new OtherUserResponse($info);
        //or throw new HttpNotAuthorizedException();
    }
}

Write tests!

Test every endpoint:
- Authenticated
- Unauthenticated
- Every role
- Every query string param

Web Application Firewall

Protects against common exploits
- XSS, SQL injection, etc
Designed to detect and stop scraping attacks

Maybe it's time for some auth

Auth Basic
Auth Digest

Maybe it's time for some auth

API keys?
- Partner/User API keys
- Application API keys
NEVER use static API keys
- Compromised as soon as they're used
- Generally easy to find in the source code
- Hard to rotate

Want a key? Check GitHub!

Token Authentication

Assign a unique string to each user
Better: assign to each user to each session
Has a defined TTL
Server can revoke or extend at any time
In a way it's a per-user API key
- Now we can identify who makes each request

How it Started...

...How it's Going

Central Auth Server

Auth

Server

Search API

Map

API

JWT

JWT

Know exactly who is making the request
- Can assign to known users and unknown
Time limited
Can't revoke one
- But you can revoke them all

JWT

What to do when it expires?
- Force the user to log back in
- Use refresh tokens

Don't give access to everything

👈 No access to Purchase API

With valid auth,
users can still make
any request

Let 'em sniff, but kill repeatability

HMAC
- Hash-based Message Authentication Code
Gather the payload and sign the request

Signed

GET /users/123

API_KEY = NWTPk4

APP_ID = wQrDfM

Unsigned

GET /users/123

API_KEY = NWTPk4

APP_ID = wQrDfM

HMAC = APvNwF

🔒

Bonus: the API can returned signed URLs

Getting the (client side) signing key

Look around the app source for a key
Set a breakpoint just before the HTTP request
See if the app logs to a console
- Browser console on web
- deviceconsole on iOS
- logcat on Android

Make the signing key dynamic

Much more difficult to find in code
Must be deterministic so server can duplicate

Example: concatenate:

The string length of some class name
The app version number
The UTC date + hour

Reverse engineering the runtime

Connect the app to a debugger
Decompile the Android app
Works on iOS too--ask the jailbreakers

Proxify the APIs

App only uses one secret
Proxy verifies that secret
Proxy reaches out to the actual APIs on the user's behalf
- Much easier to rotate API auth for 3rd party systems
But we're still dealing with a secret 😕

Secrets as a Service

API

Shared secret

Unauthenticated request

Secret token

API call ✅

Dynamic

Integrity
Check

Using OAuth 2

API 1

API
Gateway

Authorization request

Auth token

App Auth request

App token

OAuth 2 service

App auth service

API calls

Registered

app info

Registered

user info

API 2

API 3

Key 3

Key 1

Key 2

OAuth 2 flow

Authorize both who (user) and what (app)
Only time-limited, runtime tokens
Don't think of OAuth2 as user auth—it's an access token generator
Rotate secrets without touching devices
API gateway does rate limiting and authentication

What about endpoints that can't have authentication?

Can still authenticate the device
Rate limiting

What about endpoints that can't have authentication?

Can still authenticate the device
Rate limiting
Monitoring
Heuristics
- IP
- User agent
- Time between requests
- Geo data
Your API gateway might do this for you!

No API? No problem!

<?php
$crawler = $client->get('https://www.example.com/log-in');
$crawler->filter('#email')->sendKeys('tim.bond');
$crawler->filter('#password')->sendKeys('test123');
$crawler->filter('#log-in')->click();
$client->waitForStaleness('#log-in');

$client->waitFor('#price')->filter('#price')->getText();

But we have a CAPTCHA!

Dozens of services will solve those
Images recognized with OCR/AI and/or Humans

Conclusion

Dumping an API via HTTP > DB via SSH
If they want it bad enough they will try hard enough
Reveal only what the current user needs
Don't use static authentication
Debug protection and code obfuscation thwart semi-determined attackers
Authenticate the app (environment) as well as the user

Attackers want your data and they're getting it from your API

Who am I?

Who am I NOT?

What is this talk?

What is this talk NOT?

What is considered an API?

Why attack an API?

TL;DR:

Code bugs > everything else

An example app

Obscurity != Security

Let's hack it!

iOS Call Recorder app

Let's hack it!

Look at the payload: GET /items

Look at the payload: PUT /scan/nnn

How can we hack it?

Let's keep exploring the API

Rate limiters

A case for UUIDs

Get User Example

View Models to the Rescue

Write tests!

Web Application Firewall

Maybe it's time for some auth

Maybe it's time for some auth

Want a key? Check GitHub!

Token Authentication

How it Started...

...How it's Going

Central Auth Server

JWT

JWT

JWT

Don't give access to everything

With valid auth, users can still make any request

Let 'em sniff, but kill repeatability

Signed

Unsigned

Getting the (client side) signing key

Make the signing key dynamic

Reverse engineering the runtime

Proxify the APIs

Secrets as a Service

Using OAuth 2

OAuth 2 flow

What about endpoints that can't have authentication?

What about endpoints that can't have authentication?

No API? No problem!

No API? No problem!

But we have a CAPTCHA!

Conclusion

Further Reading

Questions

Attackers want your data and they're getting it from your API [php[tek]]

More from Tim Bond

Look at the payload: `GET /items`

Look at the payload: `PUT /scan/nnn`

With valid auth,
users can still make
any request