React on the Blockchain 

The missing Getting Started Guide.

Web / Mobile / VR / AR / IoT / AI / Blockchain

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Blockchain

A blockchain is a growing list of records, called blocks, that are linked using cryptography Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data (generally represented as a Merkle tree). By design, a blockchain is resistant to modification of its data. This is because once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without alteration of all subsequent blocks. (c) Wikipedia

  • Merkle trees
  • Cryptography
  • Transactions
  • Blocks

Network

address (wallet)

You connect to a single Node

node

node

node

node

node

node

Database

Stores information

  • Made up of transactions (any change is basically an immutable "record")
  • Transactions are grouped into bundles called blocks
  • All blocks grouped together is public ledger (Current state of the blockchain in the history)

Computer

Some blockchains support ways to run programs

  • Every Node in the blockchain is a computer
  • Node can run computations

Etherium

General purpose blockchain that allows you to run your own programs

To use Etherium you need an "account"

  • public key
  • private key

node

node

node

node

node

node

EVM Client

Local blockchain copy

account

submit transaction

Miner node

Miner node

Miner node

node

node

node

node

node

node

All nodes need to talk to each other and reach consensus

Transaction validation

Consensus Mechanism

Transaction validation

All nodes need to talk to each other and reach consensus

How mining works

Submit transaction (paying gas)

Transaction is submitted

Mining nodes try to "guess" the crypto puzzles

Transaction is complete

Nodes receive a reward for the Proof of Work

Cryptography

Hashes

Merkle trees

Block hashes

Each block is a list of transactions and it contains a header that contains the hash of entire block before it.

How does it work

transaction is requested

Block is created

Nodes validate the transaction

Transaction is complete

Block is added to blockchain

Nodes receive a reward for the Proof of Work

Gas

Gas fee is a fee sent to miner. Anytime the new transaction is created gas fee has to be paid

Less gas paid, the longer transaction will take, more gas paid, faster the transaction will work.

Dapps

Decentralized application

browser

Frontend

Blockchain

Backend

web3

web3

Smart contracts

Blockchain programs that are accessible to everyone on the network

node

node

node

node

node

node

MySmartContract

MySmartContract

MySmartContract

MySmartContract

MySmartContract

MySmartContract

Solidity

Tokens

You either create your own blockchain or you use ERC-20 spec

Tokens can be created with smart contracts on Etherium

Web3

Web3 interface is used to connect to single etherium node

Web3 talks to Etherium client using JSON RPC. Web3.js give a JavaScript way to interact with the blockchain. 

const Web3 = require(‘web3’);
const rpcUrl = `https://mainnet.infura.io/)….`;
const web3 = new Web3(rpcUrl);

web3.eth.getBlockNumber().then(console.log);

We can validate that block is valid by using https://etherscan.io/

Connect to Etherium mainnet

Setting up dev environment

  • NodeJS
  • Python
  • personal blockchain for testing

Set up Truffle Framework

  • Framework for smart contract development with solidity
npm install truffle -g

Set up MetaMask

Let's start with a React Dapp

npx create-react-app demoappblockchain --template typescript

Create truffle project

truffle init

Add to truffle-config.js

Test that it's working

Change compiler version

truffle-config.js
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Migrations {
  address public owner = msg.sender;
  uint public last_completed_migration;

  modifier restricted() {
    require(
      msg.sender == owner,
      "This function is restricted to the contract's owner"
    );
    _;
  }

  function setCompleted(uint completed) public restricted {
    last_completed_migration = completed;
  }
}

Move generated files

Will put contracts and abis under src so we can read them from React app

truffle-config.js
truffle compile
  • solidity-coverage → Linter
  • openzeppelin-solidity → Math
  • truffle → building smart contracts
  • web3 → interface to blockchain

Install bunch of dependencies

yarn add chai chai-as-promised chai-bignumber openzeppelin-solidity solidity-coverage truffle truffle-flattener truffle-hdwallet-provider truffle-hdwallet-provider-privkey web3

Type your contracts

yarn add typescript ts-node typechain @typechain/truffle-v5 @typechain/web3-v1
yarn add @types/node @types/mocha @types/chai @types/chai-as-promised --save-dev 

register ts-node for truffle

require('ts-node').register({
  files: true,
  project: './tsconfig.truffle.json',
})
truffle-config.js
{
  "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
  "compilerOptions": {
    "noEmit": false,
    "module": "CommonJS",
    "moduleResolution": "node",
    "strict": true
  },
  "include": ["./migrations-ts/*.ts", "./types/**/*.ts"]
}
tsconfig.truffle.json

rename migrations folder to migrations-ts and change migrations to .ts

Include all *.ts files in tsconfig

"include": ["**/*.ts"]

Add helpful scripts for generating types and migrations

"test:contracts": "npm run compile && truffle test",
"compile": "truffle compile && npm run generate-types",
"generate-types": "npx typechain --target=truffle-v5 'src/abis/*.json' && npx typechain --target=web3-v1 'src/abis/*.json'",
"postinstall": "npx truffle compile && npm run generate-types",
"migrate": "tsc -p ./tsconfig.truffle.json --outDir ./migrations && truffle migrate"

Start coding smart contracts

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/utils/math/SafeMath.sol";

contract Token {
  using SafeMath for uint;
  string public name = "VNL Token";
  string public symbol = "VNL";
  uint256 public decimals = 18; //wei
  uint256 public totalSupply;

  //Events

  //indexed in solidity means we can subscribed to events only if we are there (either from or to)
  event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
  event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);
  //Track balances

  mapping(address => uint256) public balanceOf;
  // nested mapping. address of person who approves the tokens and multiple places where person approves allowance and how much to spend
  mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) public allowance;

  constructor() public {
    totalSupply = 1000000  * (10 ** decimals);
    balanceOf[msg.sender] = totalSupply;
  }
  // Send tokens

  function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns(bool success) {
    // Stops execution if error

    require(balanceOf[msg.sender] >= _value);
    _transfer(msg.sender, _to, _value);
    return true;
  }

  function _transfer(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) internal {
    require(_to != address(0));
    balanceOf[_from] = balanceOf[_from].sub(_value);
    balanceOf[_to] = balanceOf[_to].add(_value);
    emit Transfer(_from, _to, _value);
  }

  function approve(address _spender, uint256 _value) public returns (bool success) {
    require(_spender != address(0));
    allowance[msg.sender][_spender] = _value;
    emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, _value);
    return true;
  }

  function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool success) {
    allowance[_from][msg.sender] = allowance[_from][msg.sender].sub(_value);
    _transfer(_from, _to, _value);
    return true;
  }





}

Testing

importing smart contracts

corresponds to testing accounts on ganache

Deploying

import { TokenContract } from "../types/truffle-contracts"

const Token = artifacts.require('Token')

module.exports = async function (deployer: { deploy: (arg0: TokenContract) => any }) {
  await deployer.deploy(Token)
}

// because of https://stackoverflow.com/questions/40900791/cannot-redeclare-block-scoped-variable-in-unrelated-files
export {}
yarn migrate
tsc -p ./tsconfig.truffle.json --outDir ./migrations && truffle migrate

That's what it does

on the frontend

Web3

Metamask injects web3 provider. We will use it

etherjs

Working with contracts

Web3

Web3Modal

Enables to use different web3 providers

useWeb3Modal hook

function useWeb3Modal(config = {}) {
  const [provider, setProvider] = useState<Web3Provider>()
  const [singedInAddress, setSignedInAddress] = useState('')
  const web3Modal = new Web3Modal({
    network: 'private',
    cacheProvider: true,
    providerOptions: {
      walletconnect: {
        package: WalletConnectProvider,
        options: {
          infuraId: 'invalid_infura_key',
        },
      },
    },
  })
  const loadWeb3Modal = useCallback(async () => {
    const newProvider = await web3Modal.connect()
    setProvider(new Web3Provider(newProvider))
    setSignedInAddress(newProvider.selectedAddress)
  }, [web3Modal])

  const logout = useCallback(
    async function () {
      setSignedInAddress('')
      await web3Modal.clearCachedProvider()
      window.location.reload()
    },
    [web3Modal],
  )

  return {loadWeb3Modal, logout, provider, singedInAddress}
}

Interacting with tokens

Multiple connectors

What's next

GraphQL for Blockchain

React on the Blockchain - the Missing Getting Started Guide.

By Vladimir Novick

React on the Blockchain - the Missing Getting Started Guide.

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