Don't Be SecureLess

Best practices for keeping your Lambdas secure

bene@theodo.co.uk

Ben Ellerby

@EllerbyBen

Ben Ellerby

@EllerbyBen

serverless-transformation

https://www.theodo.co.uk/experts/serverless

@EllerbyBen

Serverless

What is this Serverless thing?

Architectural movement
- Developers send application code which is run by the cloud provider in isolated containers abstracted from the developer.
- Use 3rd party services used to manage backend logic and state (e.g. Firebase, Cognito)
- Cost nothing when not used
A framework with the same name

@EllerbyBen

Why Serverless?

💰 Cost reduction

👷‍♂️ #NoOps

💻 Developers focus on delivering business value

📈 More scalable

🌳 Greener

@EllerbyBen

Not just Lambda (FaaS)

Lambda

Dynamo

API Gateway

Compute

Storage

Data

API Proxy

Cognito

Auth

SQS

Queue

EventBridge

Event Bus

Power and Flexibility

@EllerbyBen

FaaS: AWS Lambda

@EllerbyBen

Cleanup /tmp

When the temporary is persistent

@EllerbyBen

/tmp is the only place to write to disk on Lambda
Useful for performance and file manipulation (e.g. PDFs)
But, removes the sandboxing isolation from src (and injected) code.
EFS has changed some aspects of this, but tmp is the main concern for most users.

Cleanup after yourself

@EllerbyBen

Always remove any file written to the /tmp directory unless you are explicitly doing it to optimize performance and have considered all potential security risks.

Cleanup after yourself

@EllerbyBen

const removeFolderContentsRecursively = (directory) => {
  fs.readdir(directory, (err, files) => {
    if (err) throw err;

    for (const file of files) {
      console.log(`--- Deleting ${file} ---`);
      const curPath = `${directory}/${file}`;
      if (fs.lstatSync(curPath).isDirectory()) {
        removeFolderContentsRecursively(curPath);
      } else { // delete file
        try {
          fs.unlinkSync(file);
        } catch (error) {
        }
      }
    }
  });
}

// Clean up if on Lambda (not local!)
if (context.awsRequestId && !process.env.IS_LOCAL) {
  removeFolderContentsRecursively('/tmp');
}

@EllerbyBen

Separate Lambdas

Separation of Lambda Concerns

@EllerbyBen

IAM roles allow fine-grained permissions

Large cross-functional monolithic Lambdas don't benefit as much

"Micro-Lambdas" that do one thing can have fine-grained policies.

@EllerbyBen

Keep it fine-grained

@EllerbyBen

Keep your Lambdas fine-grained with a separation of concerns, using specific roles with specific policies for each.

Automate Checks

@EllerbyBen

@EllerbyBen

Least Privilege

Don't go wild with IAM

@EllerbyBen

IAM is a great tool to secure your application.

Developers have been massively empowered by Serverless, but at what cost?

Use policies that give least privilege possible to perform a specific task.

Audit your policies

@EllerbyBen

https://github.com/functionalone/aws-least-privilege

Train and Automate

@EllerbyBen

Ensure all IAM policies allow the least privileges needed to perform their task. Train your team on this principle and ensure basic checks are enforced on CI.

@EllerbyBen

API Gateway

Security Check

@EllerbyBen

Keep private lambdas private
Expose via well-configured API Gateway

DoS protection
Rate limiting
Integration with “Authentication as a Service” e.g. Cognito, Okta...

Add WAF

@EllerbyBen

AWS WAF is your first line of defence against web exploits

WAF & API Gateway?

@EllerbyBen

Check Requests

@EllerbyBen

Avoid exposing Lambda functions to the Internet and if exposed only allow invocation through API Gateway with WAF.

@EllerbyBen

Observability

Know what’s happening

@EllerbyBen

The flexibility, distribution and granularity of Serverless architectures make logging hard.
Cloudwatch & XRay are the minimum.

@EllerbyBen

CloudWatch Lambda Insights

@EllerbyBen

Dedicated Observability Service

Be All-Seeing

@EllerbyBen

Basic logging is a given. Add onto this, X-Ray Logging and specialised third-party Serverless logging providers (and Cloudwatch ServiceLens).

Build to make your logs recoverable.

@EllerbyBen

OWASP 10

Don’t forget the basics

@EllerbyBen

Serverless changes many things - but don't forget to secure code, access control, dependencies encryption...
Apply OWASP Top 10
Apply Serverless OWASP Top 10

https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Serverless_Top_10_Project

https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_Top_Ten_Project

Keep applying the basics

@EllerbyBen

Keep applying basic security principles and use the OWASP Top Ten as your reference.

Also, use automated tools like snyk and Protego

@EllerbyBen

Account Security

Environmental Impact

@EllerbyBen

1 AWS Account PER Environment (e.g. dev, staging, UAT, production)

Use AWS Organizations to share billing and policies. Aim for 1 account / service strategy.

MFA is NEVER optional.
AWS SSO can help too!

Secure Your Accounts

@EllerbyBen

Separate your dev, test and production environments to mitigate human error and attacks

MFA is not optional for your teams!

Conclusion

Serverless does take away some (not all) security concerns like patching

There new attack vectors and mitigating them is key

Developer speed and autonomy may threaten your security. Ops need to coach and automate

@EllerbyBen

serverless-transformation

@EllerbyBen

sls-dev-tools

@EllerbyBen

https://slides.com/benellerby

https://www.theodo.co.uk/experts/serverless

Don't be SecureLess: Best practices for keeping your Lambdas secure

By Ben Ellerby

Don't be SecureLess: Best practices for keeping your Lambdas secure

Talk given at the AWS Community Summit.

2,139

Don't Be SecureLess

Best practices for keeping your Lambdas secure

Serverless

What is this Serverless thing?

Why Serverless?

Not just Lambda (FaaS)

Power and Flexibility

FaaS: AWS Lambda

Cleanup /tmp

When the temporary is persistent

/tmp is the only place to write to disk on Lambda

Useful for performance and file manipulation (e.g. PDFs)

But, removes the sandboxing isolation from src (and injected) code.

Cleanup after yourself

Cleanup after yourself

Separate Lambdas

Separation of Lambda Concerns

IAM roles allow fine-grained permissions

Large cross-functional monolithic Lambdas don't benefit as much

"Micro-Lambdas" that do one thing can have fine-grained policies.

Keep it fine-grained

Automate Checks

Least Privilege

Don't go wild with IAM

IAM is a great tool to secure your application.

Developers have been massively empowered by Serverless, but at what cost?

Use policies that give least privilege possible to perform a specific task.

Audit your policies

Train and Automate

API Gateway

Security Check

Keep private lambdas private

Expose via well-configured API Gateway

DoS protection

Rate limiting

Integration with “Authentication as a Service” e.g. Cognito, Okta...

Add WAF

AWS WAF is your first line of defence against web exploits

WAF & API Gateway?

Check Requests

Observability

Know what’s happening

The flexibility, distribution and granularity of Serverless architectures make logging hard.

Cloudwatch & XRay are the minimum.

CloudWatch Lambda Insights

Dedicated Observability Service

Be All-Seeing

OWASP 10

Don’t forget the basics

Serverless changes many things - but don't forget to secure code, access control, dependencies encryption...

Apply OWASP Top 10

Apply Serverless OWASP Top 10

Keep applying the basics

Account Security

Environmental Impact

1 AWS Account PER Environment (e.g. dev, staging, UAT, production)

Use AWS Organizations to share billing and policies. Aim for 1 account / service strategy.

MFA is NEVER optional. AWS SSO can help too!

Secure Your Accounts

Conclusion

Don't be SecureLess: Best practices for keeping your Lambdas secure

More from Ben Ellerby

MFA is NEVER optional.
AWS SSO can help too!