means to illuminate social and environmental injustices

co-construction of knowledge

promotion of self and critical awareness that leads to individual, collective social change

Participatory Action Research

Tell me, I forget.

Show me, I remember.

Involve me, I understand. 

-Chinese Proverb (Paulos et al., 2009)

Participatory Mapping

Many Voices

Many forms

Geoweb

History

Barriers

Photovoice

Purpose

Method by which participants identify, represent, and enhance their community through a specific photographic technique

• Identify community assets and deficits
• Use photography to draw attention to a social issue
• Induce change by informing policy makers

Maps --> Media

Applied

Quantitative

Theory

Qualitative

Geoweb

• interconnected tools and spatial data available on the web spanning multiple geographic regions

• Revolutionized spatial data (Sui, 2008)

• but not democratizing it (Haklay, 2013)

• Provides access to satellite and aerial imagery! (Goodchild, 2007; Harvey, 2014; Kingsbury & Jones, 2009)

• Opportunity to contribute Volunteered Geographic Information (Goodchild, 2007)

Spatial Media

Elwood & Leszczynski (2012) New spatial media, new knowledge politics. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (38): 544-559.

"Mediums or channels that extend our ability to interact with and create geographic information online" p 544

Knowledge Politics

Political Power

"...knowledge politics to be shaped by deeply institutionalized tendencies in planning and policy making to grant greater weight to knowledge expressed as quantitative data or represented in cartographic forms." 

Data Driven Decision Making

(Elwood & Leszczynski, 2012: 545)

Public Participatory Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS)

Geoweb

Spatial Media

Maintain a keen awareness as to not reproduce inequalities. Active engagement in effort to use these technologies to combat inequalities (Elwood, 2015)

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

Negative connotation

Militarization

Surveillance

(Sandvik & Lohne, 2014)

Drones for good

• Archaeology 
• Forestry
• Emergency response
• Search and Rescue
• Natural resource management
• (Precision)Agriculture
• Construction
• Remote Sensing 
• (Colomina & Molina, 2014; Everaerts, 2008, Forance et al., 2014; Upton et al., 2015; Zhang & Kovacs, 2012; Rokhmana, 2015).

Organized #DronesforGood

• Digital Humanitarianism
• UAViators 
• DIYDrones
• OpenDroneMap
• DroneAdventures
• Conservation Drones
• Drone Code

Taiwan’s National Cheng Kung University created this 3D model from aerial imagery captured by UAV.

Spatial Media: Aerial Photovoice Cinemtography

Aerial Photovoice

• evokes emotion 
• representations of place
• What if we used it for something more important?

Aerial Photography

Digital Maps! 
Digital Globes offer basemaps for participatory mapping. But they also control temporal and spatial resolution of those basemaps

 Putting a UAV in the hands of a community, could they monitor...

• Community changes through the course of a day, season, year...
• Acute changes - landslide event, urban encroachment
• Gradual changes - land use change, urban growth
• Ecosystem services
•  Access to water resources, refugee camp movement
• Habitat loss...
• ?????

Harmful Algal Blooms

Twin Lakes Home Owners Assiciation, Federal Way

Lake Loreen

Lake Jean

Lake Loreen

Lake Loreen

Steps

1. Drone Selection Process
2. Flight Practice and Planning
3. Flying
4. Data Processing 

Drone Selection

(Eisenbeiss, 2011: 34)

Classified by takeoff and landing methods

DJI Phantom 2 Vision Plus

• 25 minute flight time
• Return home when battery is low
• Compass and GPS
• 14 mega pixel camera and Gimble
• ~$1200

Process

Flight Practice and Planning

Flying

Auto Pilot

Free Flight

Image Processing

Photography and Cinematography

Mapping

Image Processing

MapKnitter, Google Maps, MapBox, GeoServer + OpenLayers, ESRI Online

Manual Processing

Structure from Motion (SfM) software

Generate an Othophoto

2012

2015

Title Text

• Bullet One
• Bullet Two
• Bullet Three

77 photos to make this orthophoto in >one hour total

Social

Implications

Similar critiques of GIS

and mobile spatial media (Elwood, 2008; Thatcher, 2016)

Privacy (Curry, 1997) 

• Geoweb transformation of the social contract around privacy – societal agreement (Elwood, 2015)

Access to technology (Obermeyer, 1995) 

​Risk of Re-enforcing inequality 

Legality

• Decline of the public sector - private sector leading
• "Enthusiasts" can fly, not governments
• International regulations vary dramatically

Medium influences who will participate

(Chambers, 2006) 

Comfort level when flying

Tacoma Professional

Tacoma Amateur 

Only scratching the surface

Conclusion & Future

Maps are political

INVITE PARTICIPATION

Work with communities

Opportunity to establish ethical standards for UAV usage

Hope

• Illuminate social and environmental injustice
• Relevant Temporal Resolution
• Enhanced Spatial Resolution
• Increased coverage
• Complement existing research methods
• Opportunity to establish good practice with community engagement 

Google Earth date unknown

UAV imagery March 2015

Participation sparks critical thinking during each step of the process

Challenge

Illuminate methods in which to utilize these increasingly accessible technologies to edit your world, tell your truth,

share your experience in place. 

Thank You.

Acknowledgements: Ali Modarres, Jim Thatcher, Sarah Elwood,

Kris Seymer, Chris Davidson, Mark Pendras