According to RTU Syllabus

SURVEYING-I

UNIT-2

PART-1

Measurement of Angles and direction

• Different types of direction measuring instruments and their uses.
• Reference Meridians.
• Bearings and Azimuths.
• Magnetic Declination and its Variation.
• Use and adjustment of Surveyors and Prismatic Compass.
• Vernier and MIcro-optic Theodolite
• Temporary and Permanent adjustment of Vernier Theodolite.
• Measurement of the Horizontal and Vertical angle by different methods.
• Application of Theodolite in field Problems.

Syllabus of Unit-2

Different types of direction Measuring instruments and their uses.

Compass - used for horizontal angle measurements

 

 

Theodolite - used for horizontal and vertical angle measurements

Reference Meridians

A direction of survey line can be defined in two ways-

 

 

        1. Relative to each other

 

 

 

       

       

     

       2. Relative to some fixed reference direction

 

 

 

 

 

 

In surveying, this fixed reference direction is called as Meridian

Types of Meridian-

There are 4 types of meridians used in surveying-

1. True Meridian
2. Magnetic Meridian
3. Grid Meridian
4. Arbitrary Meridian

TRUE MERIDIAN

True meridian is a line which passes through a  given point and the geographical north and south poles.

MAGNETIC MERIDIAN

Magnetic Meridian at a point is the direction indicated by a freely suspended magnetic bar at that point.

GRID MERIDIAN

For the survey of a country, the true meridian passing through the central place is called as Grid meridian.

ARBITRARY MERIDIAN

It is the meridian which is taken in any convenient arbitrary direction.

Ex-top of the chimney, church spire or the first traverse line etc.

BEARING OR AZIMUTH

It is the horizontal angle which it makes with reference line i.e. Meridian

Types of Bearings-

• True Bearing
• Magnetic Bearing
• Grid Bearing
• Arbitrary Bearing

                       True Bearing

It is the horizontal angle between the true meridian and the line.

Magnetic Bearing

It is the horizontal angle between the magnetic meridian and the line.

Grid Bearing

• It is the horizontal angle between the grid meridian and the line.

Arbitrary Bearing

• It is the horizontal angle between the arbitrary meridian and the line.

ADITI SHARMA

Traversing

Different Methods of Traversing :

Chain Traverse

Chain and Compass Traverse

Transit tape Traverse

Methods of Computation and Adjustment of Traverse :

Transit Rule

Bowditch Rule

Graphical Method

Axis Method

Gales Traverse Table

 

Levelling

Definition of Various Terms in Levelling

Different types of Levelling

Sources of Errors in levelling

Curvature and Refraction Corrections

Temporary and Permanent Adjustment of Dumpy and Tilting Levels

Computation and adjustment of Levels

Profile Levelling : L-section and cross section

Plane Table Surveying

Elements of Plane Table Survey Working Operations

Methods of Plane Table Survey :

Intersection

Traversing

Resection

Two point and Three point Problems

 

 

 

Contouring

Characteristics of Contours

Contour Interval

Contour Gradient

Methods of Locating Contours

Uses of contour Maps

Trignometric Levelling

Methods of Trignometric Levelling direct Method And Reciprocal Method

Axis Signal Corrections

Determination of Difference in Elevations of Points.

Curve Surveying

Elements of Circular(Simple,Compound and reverse Curves )

Transition Curves

Degree of Curves

Methods of setting out circular and transition curves

Triangulation

Merits and Demerits of Traversing

Triangulation and  Trilateration

Grades of Triangulation

Strength of Figure

Field Procedure of Triangulation

Reconnaissance and Selection of Triangulation Stations

Intervisibility of Stations and calculation of the height of towers.

Equipment Needed for base line measurement

Corrections to base line

Satellite Station and base line Extension

Errors in Surveying

Classification of Errors in Surveying

Probability curve

Its equation and properties

Theory of Least Squares

Weight

Most Probable value

Probable Errors

Standard Errors

Normal Equation Correlates

Adjustment of Triangulation Figures:

Adjustment of levels

Adjustment of Triangulation Figures

Braced Quadrilateral triangle with central station

Approximate and Method Of least squares for figure Adjustment

Trilateration

Field Astronomy

 

Definition of Termonology used in Astronomy

Co-ordinate Systems

Relationships between different Co-ordinate Systems.

Astronomical Triangle

Napier's Rule

Different Methods of Determination of Azimuth

Electronic Distance measurement and use of Total Station