HTTP

How data is exchanged between a server and a browser?

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

HTTP is simple

It's designed to be simple and human readable

HTTP Flow

  • Client opens TCP connection
  • Client sends HTTP message to a server
  • Client reads a response send by the server
  • Client closes or reuses connection for the next request

HTTP Request Message

HTTP Response Message

HTTP Status Codes

  • 1XX - Information responses
  • 2XX - Successful responses
  • 3XX - Redirection messages
  • 4XX - Client error responses
  • 5XX - Server error responses

HTTP Methods

HTTP Headers

HTTP History

HTTP 0.9

The One-Line protocol

GET /about/

(hypertext response)
(connection closed)

HTTP/1.0

Headers was introduced

GET /rfc/rfc1945.txt HTTP/1.0 
User-Agent: CERN-LineMode/2.15 libwww/2.17b3
Accept: */*

HTTP/1.0 200 OK 
Content-Type: text/plain
Content-Length: 137582
Expires: Thu, 01 Dec 1997 16:00:00 GMT
Last-Modified: Wed, 1 May 1996 12:45:26 GMT
Server: Apache 0.84

(plain-text response)
(connection closed)

HTTP/1.1

Internet Standard

GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 
Host: website.org
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_4)... (snip)
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8
Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3
Cookie: __qca=P0-800083390... (snip)

HTTP/1.1 200 OK 
Server: nginx/1.0.11
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Via: HTTP/1.1 GWA
Date: Wed, 25 Jul 2012 20:23:35 GMT
Expires: Wed, 25 Jul 2012 20:23:35 GMT
Cache-Control: max-age=0, no-cache
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

100 
<!doctype html>
(snip)

100
(snip)

0 

GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1 
Host: www.website.org
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_4)... (snip)
Accept: */*
Referer: http://website.org/
Connection: close 
Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8
Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3
Cookie: __qca=P0-800083390... (snip)

HTTP/1.1 200 OK 
Server: nginx/1.0.11
Content-Type: image/x-icon
Content-Length: 3638
Connection: close
Last-Modified: Thu, 19 Jul 2012 17:51:44 GMT
Cache-Control: max-age=315360000
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Via: HTTP/1.1 GWA
Date: Sat, 21 Jul 2012 21:35:22 GMT
Expires: Thu, 31 Dec 2037 23:55:55 GMT
Etag: W/PSA-GAu26oXbDi

(icon data)
(connection closed)

HTTP/2

Becomes faster, but binary and not human readable

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

(HTTPS)

Encryption / decryption process:

Tools

Telnet

$ telnet www.google.com 80
$ telnet www.google.com 80
GET /index.html HTTP/1.1

Curl

$ curl www.google.com

Postman

Browser's Network Tab

How to use it?

XMLHTTPRequest

var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();

xhr.open('GET', '/');

xhr.send();

xhr.onload = function() {
  if (xhr.status != 200) {
    console.log(`Error: ${xhr.status}: ${xhr.statusText}`);
  } else {
    console.log(`Response: ${xhr.response}`);
  }
};

xhr.onerror = function() {
  console.log("Request failed");
};

fetch

var response = await fetch('https://www.google.com');
var text = await response.text();
// or response.json() - if json is in response body

Libraries

  • Axios - good choice for Frontend
  • Got - good choice for Node.js
  • Node-fetch - for Node.js

CORS

 Cross-origin resource sharing

CORS is a security mechanism that allows a web page from one domain or Origin to access a resource with a different domain (cross-domain request)

CORS Error

Ways to fix CORS error

  1. Add headers on the server side:
    "Access-Control-Allow-Origin": "your.origin.com" or "*" (allow for all)
    "Access-Control-Allow-Methods": <method>, <method>, ... or "*"
    and another CORS headers if you need them.
  2. Use Proxies like cors-anywhere, or create your own one.
  3. Use JSONP.

Homework

Materials

Thank you
&
QA

HTTP

By Dzmitry Tsebruk

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HTTP

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