Empirical research is based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief.

1. Abstract: brief description of the study.
2. Introduction: hypothesis, rationale for the study, and literature review; provides the context for the study.
3. Method: how the research was conducted, including who the participants were, the design of the study, what the participants did and what measures were used.
4. Results: summary and analysis of the outcomes of the study’s measures; usually includes charts, graphs and tables.
5. Discussion or Conclusion: interpretation, implications and limitations of the study.
6. References: bibliography of material cited in the article.

Typical Content of Empirical Studies