What we'll cover

• How to use the Container outside Laravel
• Features of the Illuminate Container
  • Basic binding
  • Contextual binding
  • Autowiring
• How these features work under the hood
• Changes in these features in recent Laravel versions

@iansltx / https://ian.im/icbg19

What we Won't Cover

• Laravel-specific container interactions
  • Service Providers
  • Facades
  • Method/callable binding
    • Controller actions
    • Console commands
  • See Matt Stauffer's presentation and the official docs
• Why to use dependency injection (see another presentation)

@iansltx / https://ian.im/icbg19

Looking under the hood...

Code has been edited to better fit on each slide. Actual Illuminate Cotainer code is PSR-2 compliant (or close to it), has comments, and doesn't include scalar parameter types.

@iansltx / https://ian.im/icbg19

For example

iansltx/raphple

Specifically, this comparison

@iansltx / https://ian.im/icbg19

composer require illuminate/container 6.x@dev

@iansltx / https://ian.im/icbg19

Wait...why do I have to install @dev?

• Current stable release required two functions from illuminate/support
• Laravel PR #30518 extracted those two functions, removing the dep
• Dropping illuminate/support results in way fewer dependencies
  • illuminate/contracts
  • psr/simple-cache (transitive from illuminate/contracts)
  • PHP ^7.2
  • 136 lines in composer.lock vs. 524
• This will be stable in v6.5.1 or v6.6.0; guessing we'll see a release ~Nov 12

Use it with Slim 4

$container = new Illuminate\Container\Container();

// if everything can't be autowired, bind here...

\Slim\Factory\AppFactory::setContainer($container);

// ...or here

$app = AppFactory::create();

// ...or here

$app->run();

This works with autowiring

class Auth
{
    protected $rs;

    public function __construct(RaffleService $rs) {
        $this->rs = $rs;
    }

    // snip
}

$container->get(Auth::class); // instance of Auth

$container->get(Auth::class); // different instance

What does get() do?

public function get($id)
{
    try {
        return $this->resolve($id);
    } catch (Exception $e) {
        if ($this->has($id)) {
            throw $e;
        }

        throw new EntryNotFoundException($id);
    }
}

What does has() do?

public function has($id)
{
    return $this->bound($id);
}

public function bound($abstract)
{
    return isset($this->bindings[$abstract]) ||
           isset($this->instances[$abstract]) ||
           $this->isAlias($abstract);
}

Make sure you're using 5.7+ if you use the PSR-11 interface

Prior to version 5.7, the get() method would fail if a dependency was autowired rather than declared explicitly. Laravel PR #25870 fixed this.

...actually, we just want a single global Auth instance...

// in service config
$container->singleton(Auth::class);

// or you could use
$container->bind(Auth::class, null, $shared = true);

// Use Laravel? You're probably used to...

$container->make(Auth::class);

// ...or we can use ArrayAccess
$container[Auth::class]; // same instance as above

Is make() any different than get()?

Yes, but it's identical to pulling a dependency via ArrayAccess.

public function offsetGet($key)
{
    return $this->make($key);
}

public function make($abstract, array $parameters = [])
{
    return $this->resolve($abstract, $parameters);
}

Under the hood: singleton

public function singleton($abstract, $concrete = null)
{
    $this->bind($abstract, $concrete, true);
}

// available as of 6.x
public function singletonIf($abstract, $concrete = null)
{
    if (! $this->bound($abstract)) {
        $this->singleton($abstract, $concrete);
    }
}

Under the hood: Binding

public function bind($abstract, $concrete = null, $shared = false)
{
    $this->dropStaleInstances($abstract);

    if (is_null($concrete)) $concrete = $abstract;

    if (! $concrete instanceof Closure)
        $concrete = $this->getClosure($abstract, $concrete);

    $this->bindings[$abstract] = 
        compact('concrete', 'shared');

    if ($this->resolved($abstract)) $this->rebound($abstract);
}

Under the hood: Binding

public function bind($abstract, $concrete = null, $shared = false)
{
    $this->dropStaleInstances($abstract);

    if (is_null($concrete)) $concrete = $abstract;

    if (! $concrete instanceof Closure)
        $concrete = $this->getClosure($abstract, $concrete);

    $this->bindings[$abstract] = 
        compact('concrete', 'shared');

    if ($this->resolved($abstract)) $this->rebound($abstract);
}

Under the hood: Binding

protected function dropStaleInstances($abstract)
{
    unset(
        $this->instances[$abstract],
        $this->aliases[$abstract]
    );
}

Under the hood: Binding

public function bind($abstract, $concrete = null, $shared = false)
{
    $this->dropStaleInstances($abstract);

    if (is_null($concrete)) $concrete = $abstract;

    if (! $concrete instanceof Closure)
        $concrete = $this->getClosure($abstract, $concrete);

    $this->bindings[$abstract] = 
        compact('concrete', 'shared');

    if ($this->resolved($abstract)) $this->rebound($abstract);
}

Under the hood: Binding

public function bind($abstract, $concrete = null, $shared = false)
{
    $this->dropStaleInstances($abstract);

    if (is_null($concrete)) $concrete = $abstract;

    if (! $concrete instanceof Closure)
        $concrete = $this->getClosure($abstract, $concrete);

    $this->bindings[$abstract] = 
        compact('concrete', 'shared');

    if ($this->resolved($abstract)) $this->rebound($abstract);
}

Under the hood: Binding

protected function getClosure($abstract, $concrete)
{
    return function ($container, $parameters = [])
        use ($abstract, $concrete)
    {
        if ($abstract == $concrete) {
            return $container->build($concrete);
        }

        // switched from using make() in 5.8
        return $container->resolve(
            $concrete, $parameters, $raiseEvents = false
        );
    };
}

If you want to bring your own Closure...

function (Container $c, $params = []) {
    return new MyService(
        'foo',
        'bar',
        $c->get(SomeDependency::class)
    );
}

An example Closure from Raphple

$container->bind(
    ExtendedPdo::class,
    function () use ($env) {
        return new \Aura\Sql\ExtendedPdo(
            /* DSN here */,
            $env['DB_USER'],
            $env['DB_PASSWORD']
        );
    }
);

Under the hood: Binding

public function bind($abstract, $concrete = null, $shared = false)
{
    $this->dropStaleInstances($abstract);

    if (is_null($concrete)) $concrete = $abstract;

    if (! $concrete instanceof Closure)
        $concrete = $this->getClosure($abstract, $concrete);

    $this->bindings[$abstract] = 
        compact('concrete', 'shared');

    if ($this->resolved($abstract)) $this->rebound($abstract);
}

Under the hood: Binding

// WARNING: not valid PHP code

protected $bindings = [
    string => [
        concrete => Closure(Container, array): mixed,
        shared => boolean
    ], ...
];

Under the hood: Binding

public function bind($abstract, $concrete = null, $shared = false)
{
    $this->dropStaleInstances($abstract);

    if (is_null($concrete)) $concrete = $abstract;

    if (! $concrete instanceof Closure)
        $concrete = $this->getClosure($abstract, $concrete);

    $this->bindings[$abstract] = 
        compact('concrete', 'shared');

    if ($this->resolved($abstract)) $this->rebound($abstract);
}

Under the hood: Binding

public function resolved(string $abstract)
{
    if ($this->isAlias($abstract)) {
        $abstract = $this->getAlias($abstract);
    }

    return isset($this->resolved[$abstract]) ||
           isset($this->instances[$abstract]);
}

Under the hood: Binding

protected function rebound(string $abstract)
{
    $instance = $this->make($abstract);
    foreach (
        $this->getReboundCallbacks($abstract) as $callback
    ) {
        call_user_func($callback, $this, $instance);
    }
}

protected function getReboundCallbacks($abstract) {

    // set via rebinding($abstract, Closure)

    return $this->reboundCallbacks[$abstract] ?? [];
}

Is there a singletonIf() equivalent to bind()?

Yes, and it has been around forever.

public function bindIf(
    $abstract,
    $concrete = null,
    $shared = false
) {
    if (! $this->bound($abstract)) {
        $this->bind($abstract, $concrete, $shared);
    }
}

Let's use our Auth service in a Slim action closure

$app->post('/{id}', function ($req, $res, $args) {
    $id = $args['id'];

    // snip

    if (!$this->auth->isAuthorized($req, $id))
        return $res->withRedirect('/');

    // snip
}

...wait...

1. How can we access the auth service via a property?
2. How is it accessible as all-lower-case "auth"?

How can we access the auth service via a property?

Slim binds the container to $this in route closures, and...

public function __get($key)
{
    return $this[$key];
}

How is it accessible as all-lower-case "auth"?

$container->alias(Auth::class, 'auth');

public function alias($abstract, $alias)
{
    // check moved from getAlias() in 5.8
    if ($alias === $abstract)
        throw new LogicException(
            "[{$abstract}] is aliased to itself."
        );

    // forward lookup
    $this->aliases[$alias] = $abstract;
    // reverse lookup
    $this->abstractAliases[$abstract][] = $alias;
}

Under the Hood: Aliases

public function isAlias($name)
{
    return isset($this->aliases[$name]);
}

public function getAlias($abstract)
{
    if (! isset($this->aliases[$abstract])) {
        return $abstract;
    }

    return $this->getAlias($this->aliases[$abstract]);
}

Under the Hood: Aliases in use via Resolve()

protected function resolve(

    string $abstract,
    array $parameters = [],
    bool $raiseEvents = true
) {
    $abstract = $this->getAlias($abstract);

    // do things with the un-aliased abstract identifier
}

getAlias() is used in 10 other places in the Container class, including in getAlias()

...but I'm in a legacy app that pre-defines a dependency!

$container->instance(MyClass::class, $preBuiltInstance);

public function instance($abstract, $instance)
{
    $this->removeAbstractAlias($abstract);

    $isBound = $this->bound($abstract);

    unset($this->aliases[$abstract]);

    $this->instances[$abstract] = $instance;

    if ($isBound) $this->rebound($abstract);

    return $instance;
}

not to be confused with...

public static function getInstance()
{
    if (is_null(static::$instance)) {
        static::$instance = new static;
    }

    return static::$instance;
}

public static function setInstance(
    ContainerContract $container = null
) {
    return static::$instance = $container;
}

This can't be autowired without some help

class RaffleService {
    // properties for dependencies

    public function __construct(
        ExtendedPdoInterface $db, // interface
        SMS $sms, // interface
        $phone_number // string
    ) {
        // set properties
    }

    // snip
}

Parameter #1: Bind abstract to concrete

$container->bind(
    ExtendedPdoInterface::class,
    ExtendedPdo::class
);

Parameter #2: Bind abstract To closure

$container[SMS::class] = function() use ($env) {
    if (isset($env['TWILIO_SID']))
        return new TwilioSMS(/* env params */);

    if (isset($env['NEXMO_KEY']))
        return new NexmoSMS(/* env params */);

    if (isset($env['DUMMY_SMS_WAIT_MS']))
        return new DummySMS($env['DUMMY_SMS_WAIT_MS']);
    
    throw new InvalidArgumentException(/* some message */);
};

Under the hood: array setting is slightly different

public function offsetSet($key, $value)
{
    $this->bind(
        $key,
        $value instanceof Closure
            ? $value
            : function () use ($value) { return $value; }
   );
}

Parameter #3: Contextual Binding

$container
    ->when(RaffleService::class) // can be an array as of 5.7
    ->needs('$phone_number')
    ->give($env['PHONE_NUMBER']); // can be a Closure

// or, for a simple cases like this...

$container->addContextualBinding(
    RaffleService::class,
    '$phone_number',
    $env['PHONE_NUMBER']
);

Under the Hood: Contextual Binding

public function when($concrete)
{
    $aliases = [];

    foreach (Util::arrayWrap($concrete) as $c) {
        $aliases[] = $this->getAlias($c);
    }

    return new ContextualBindingBuilder($this, $aliases);
}

Under the Hood: Contextual Binding

// inside ContextualBindingBuilder

public function needs($abstract) {
    $this->needs = $abstract;
    return $this;
}

public function give($implementation) {
    foreach (Util::arrayWrap($this->concrete) as $concrete)
        $this->container->addContextualBinding(
            $concrete,
            $this->needs,
            $implementation
        );
}

Under the Hood: Contextual Binding

// back inside Container

public function addContextualBinding(
    $concrete,
    $abstract,
    $implementation
) {
    $this->contextual[$concrete][$this->getAlias($abstract)]
        = $implementation;
}

...but how do we resolve() dependencies?

Under the Hood: Resolve()

protected function resolve($abstract, $parameters = [], $raiseEvents = true)
{
    $abstract = $this->getAlias($abstract);

    $needsContextualBuild = !empty($parameters)
       || !is_null($this->getContextualConcrete($abstract));

    if (isset($this->instances[$abstract])
            && !$needsContextualBuild)
        return $this->instances[$abstract];

    // snip
}

Under the Hood: Resolve()

protected function resolve($abstract, $parameters = [], $raiseEvents = true)
{
    $abstract = $this->getAlias($abstract);

    $needsContextualBuild = !empty($parameters)
       || !is_null($this->getContextualConcrete($abstract));

    if (isset($this->instances[$abstract])
            && !$needsContextualBuild)
        return $this->instances[$abstract];

    // snip
}

Under the Hood: getContextualConcrete()

protected function getContextualConcrete($abstract)
{
    // e.g. RaffleService::class
    if (! is_null($binding = $this->findInContextualBindings($abstract)))
        return $binding;

    if (empty($this->abstractAliases[$abstract]))
        return;

    // e.g. "raffleService"
    foreach ($this->abstractAliases[$abstract] as $alias)
        if (! is_null($binding = $this->findInContextualBindings($alias)))
            return $binding;
}

Under the Hood: FindInContextualBindings()

protected function findInContextualBindings($abstract)
{
    return $this->contextual[end($this->buildStack)][$abstract]
        ?? null;
}

Under the Hood: Resolve()

protected function resolve($abstract, $parameters = [], $raiseEvents = true)
{
    $abstract = $this->getAlias($abstract);

    $needsContextualBuild = !empty($parameters)
       || !is_null($this->getContextualConcrete($abstract));

    if (isset($this->instances[$abstract])
            && !$needsContextualBuild)
        return $this->instances[$abstract];

    // snip
}

Under the Hood: Resolve()

protected function resolve(/* snip */)
{
    // snip

    $this->with[] = $parameters;

    $concrete = $this->getConcrete($abstract); 

    // snip
}

Under the Hood: Resolve()

protected function resolve(/* snip */)
{
    // snip

    $this->with[] = $parameters;

    $concrete = $this->getConcrete($abstract); 

    // snip
}

Under the Hood: Resolve()

protected function getConcrete(string $abstract)
{
    if (! is_null($concrete = $this->getContextualConcrete($abstract))) {
        return $concrete;
    }

    // if we have an explicit binding, use it
    if (isset($this->bindings[$abstract])) {
        return $this->bindings[$abstract]['concrete'];
    }

    // otherwise, let autowiring do its job
    return $abstract;
}

Under the Hood: Resolve()

protected function resolve(/* snip */)
{
    // $concrete was just set to $this->getConcrete($abstract)

    if ($this->isBuildable($concrete, $abstract)) {
        $object = $this->build($concrete);
    } else {

        $object = $this->make($concrete);
    } 

    // snip
}

Under the Hood: Resolve()

protected function isBuildable($concrete, $abstract)
{
    return $concrete === $abstract
        || $concrete instanceof Closure;
}

Under the Hood: Resolve()

protected function resolve(/* snip */)
{
    // snip

    if ($this->isBuildable($concrete, $abstract)) {
        $object = $this->build($concrete);
    } else { // non-Closure contextual concrete
        $object = $this->make($concrete);
    } 

    // snip
}

get ready for some Reflection

Under the Hood: Build()

public function build($concrete)
{
    if ($concrete instanceof Closure)
        return $concrete($this, $this->getLastParameterOverride());

    try {
        $reflector = new ReflectionClass($concrete);
    } catch (ReflectionException $e) { // try-catch as of 6.x
        throw new BindingResolutionException(
            "Target class [$concrete] does not exist.", 0, $e
        );
    }

    if (! $reflector->isInstantiable()) // abstract or interface
        return $this->notInstantiable($concrete);

    // snip
}

Under the Hood: Build()

public function build($concrete)
{
    // snip

    $this->buildStack[] = $concrete;

    $constructor = $reflector->getConstructor();

    if (is_null($constructor)) {
        array_pop($this->buildStack);

        return new $concrete;
    }

    // snip
}

Under the Hood: Build()

public function build($concrete)
{
    // snip

    $this->buildStack[] = $concrete;

    $constructor = $reflector->getConstructor();

    if (is_null($constructor)) {
        array_pop($this->buildStack);

        return new $concrete;
    }

    // snip
}

Under the Hood: Build()

public function build($concrete)
{
    // snip
    $dependencies = $constructor->getParameters();

    try {
        $instances = $this->resolveDependencies($dependencies);
    } catch (BindingResolutionException $e) {
        array_pop($this->buildStack);

        throw $e;
    }

    array_pop($this->buildStack);

    return $reflector->newInstanceArgs($instances);
}

Under the Hood: Build()

public function build($concrete)
{
    // snip
    $dependencies = $constructor->getParameters();

    try {
        $instances = $this->resolveDependencies($dependencies);
    } catch (BindingResolutionException $e) {
        array_pop($this->buildStack);

        throw $e;
    }

    array_pop($this->buildStack);

    return $reflector->newInstanceArgs($instances);
}

Under the Hood: Build()

protected function resolveDependencies(array $dependencies)
{
    $results = [];

    foreach ($dependencies as $dependency) {
        if ($this->hasParameterOverride($dependency)) {
            $results[] = $this->getParameterOverride($dependency);

            continue;
        }

        $results[] = is_null($dependency->getClass())
                        ? $this->resolvePrimitive($dependency)
                        : $this->resolveClass($dependency);
    }

    return $results;
}

Under the Hood: Build()

protected function hasParameterOverride($dependency) {
    return array_key_exists(
        $dependency->name, $this->getLastParameterOverride()
    );
}

protected function getLastParameterOverride() {
    return count($this->with) ? end($this->with) : [];
}

protected function getParameterOverride($dependency) {
    return $this->getLastParameterOverride()[$dependency->name];
}

Under the Hood: Build()

protected function resolveDependencies(array $dependencies)
{
    $results = [];

    foreach ($dependencies as $dependency) {
        if ($this->hasParameterOverride($dependency)) {
            $results[] = $this->getParameterOverride($dependency);

            continue;
        }

        $results[] = is_null($dependency->getClass())
                        ? $this->resolvePrimitive($dependency)
                        : $this->resolveClass($dependency);
    }

    return $results;
}

Under the Hood: Resolving primitives

protected function resolvePrimitive(ReflectionParameter $parameter)
{
    if (! is_null(
            $concrete = $this->getContextualConcrete('$'.$parameter->name)
    )) {
        return $concrete instanceof Closure ? $concrete($this) : $concrete;
    }

    if ($parameter->isDefaultValueAvailable()) {
        return $parameter->getDefaultValue();
    }

    $this->unresolvablePrimitive($parameter);
}

Under the Hood: Resolving primitives

protected function resolvePrimitive(ReflectionParameter $parameter)
{
    if (! is_null(
            $concrete = $this->getContextualConcrete('$'.$parameter->name)
    )) {
        return $concrete instanceof Closure ? $concrete($this) : $concrete;
    }

    if ($parameter->isDefaultValueAvailable()) {
        return $parameter->getDefaultValue();
    }

    $this->unresolvablePrimitive($parameter);
}

Under the Hood: Resolving primitives

protected function resolvePrimitive(ReflectionParameter $parameter)
{
    if (! is_null(
            $concrete = $this->getContextualConcrete('$'.$parameter->name)
    )) {
        return $concrete instanceof Closure ? $concrete($this) : $concrete;
    }

    if ($parameter->isDefaultValueAvailable()) {
        return $parameter->getDefaultValue();
    }

    $this->unresolvablePrimitive($parameter);
}

Under the Hood: building Classes

protected function resolveClass(ReflectionParameter $parameter)
{
    try {
        return $this->make($parameter->getClass()->name);
    } catch (BindingResolutionException $e) {
        if ($parameter->isOptional()) {
            return $parameter->getDefaultValue();
        }

        throw $e;
    }
}

Under the Hood: building Classes

protected function resolveClass(ReflectionParameter $parameter)
{
    try {
        return $this->make($parameter->getClass()->name);
    } catch (BindingResolutionException $e) {
        if ($parameter->isOptional()) {
            return $parameter->getDefaultValue();
        }

        throw $e;
    }
}

...and that's how Container::Build() works!

Under the Hood: Resolve()

protected function resolve(/* snip */)
{
    // $object = $this->build($concrete) or $this->make($concrete)

    foreach ($this->getExtenders($abstract) as $extender) {
        $object = $extender($object, $this);
    }

    if ($this->isShared($abstract) && ! $needsContextualBuild) {
        $this->instances[$abstract] = $object;
    }

    // snip

}

Under the Hood: Resolve()

protected function resolve(/* snip */)
{
    // $object = $this->build($concrete) or $this->make($concrete)

    foreach ($this->getExtenders($abstract) as $extender) {
        $object = $extender($object, $this);
    }

    if ($this->isShared($abstract) && ! $needsContextualBuild) {
        $this->instances[$abstract] = $object;
    }

    // snip

}

Under the Hood: Extenders

protected function getExtenders($abstract)
{
    $abstract = $this->getAlias($abstract);

    return $this->extenders[$abstract] ?? [];
}

See Extender docs for how to use, and this code block for the extend() implementation

Under the Hood: Resolve()

protected function resolve(/* snip */)
{
    // $object = $this->build($concrete) or $this->make($concrete)

    foreach ($this->getExtenders($abstract) as $extender) {
        $object = $extender($object, $this);
    }

    if ($this->isShared($abstract) && ! $needsContextualBuild) {
        $this->instances[$abstract] = $object;
    }

    // snip
}

Under the Hood: Resolve()

protected function resolve(/* snip */)
{
    // snip; object has been extended and persisted to instances if needed

    if ($raiseEvents) {
        $this->fireResolvingCallbacks($abstract, $object);
    }

    $this->resolved[$abstract] = true;

    array_pop($this->with);

    return $object;
}

Under the Hood: Resolution callbacks

protected function fireResolvingCallbacks($abstract, $object) {
    // set by resolving(Closure)
    $this->fireCallbackArray($object, $this->globalResolvingCallbacks);

    $this->fireCallbackArray( // set by resolving($abstract, Closure)
        $object,
        $this->getCallbacksForType(
            $abstract,
            $object,
            $this->resolvingCallbacks
        )
    );

    // set by afterResolving(Closure) && afterResolving($abstract, Closure)
    $this->fireAfterResolvingCallbacks($abstract, $object);
}

Under the Hood: Resolve()

protected function resolve(/* snip */)
{
    // snip; object has been extended and persisted to instances if needed

    if ($raiseEvents) {
        $this->fireResolvingCallbacks($abstract, $object);
    }

    $this->resolved[$abstract] = true;

    array_pop($this->with);

    return $object;
}

...and that's how you resolve a dependency

@iansltx / https://ian.im/icbg19

Thanks! Questions?

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