Social and Political Data Science: Introduction

Karl Ho

University of Texas at Dallas

The New Taiwan Electorate:
Structural Changes in 2024 Elections

Prepared for "The 2024 Presidential and Legislative Elections in Taiwan: Implications for the United States and the World" Roundable hosted at the Southern Methodist University, February 19, 2024, Dallas, USA

Speaker bio.

Introduction

The 2024 elections in Taiwan witnessed notable changes in multiple directions. First, the party system could see a "breaking the mould" moment when the third party emerges to impose durable change to the two party equilibrium.  More importantly, the Taiwan People's Party (TPP) builds a new constituency composed of primarily educated and young voters who strongly refuse the two major parties.  

These voters will be likely to change the structure of the electorate divided generally on traditional issues of national identity and relationship with China.   This structural change could be systemically reshaping the party system and uttering an era of "new politics" in the new democracy.

Observing Taiwan elections 2024

Observing Taiwan elections 2024

Observing Taiwan elections 2024

Observing Taiwan elections 2024

Taiwan elections 2016 - 2022

2016

2018

2022

2020

Taiwan elections 2016 - 2024

2016

2018

2022

2020

2024

Source: Taiwanplus.com

Taiwan elections 2016 - 2024

2016

2018

2022

2020

2024

Source: Taiwanplus.com

Taiwan elections 2016 - 2024

2016

2018

2022

2020

2024

2016

2018

2022

2020

Party in parliament

  • Kuomintang (KMT)

  • Democratic Progressive Party (DPP)

  • Taiwan People's Party (TPP)

Political Parties

Political Parties

  • Kuomintang (KMT)

  • Democratic Progressive Party (DPP)

  • Taiwan People's Party (TPP)

Observations

  • 2024 elections are primarily driven by expanded middle segment of the electorate. 

  • Generally apprehensive of either major party and Chinese influence
  • Where is the "Hong Kong" factor?
    • In 2020, DPP's electoral support was greatly helped by the "Hong Kong" factor including rejection of one-country, two-systems and generally CCP coercive approach of influence through blunt force and hard power.
    • Sympathetic sentiment of Hong Kong protesters and pro-democracy supporters almost absent in 2024 (except Jaw Shaw-kong's mention of Jimmy Lai during interviews)
  • Taiwan voters' indifference to China influence is notable in this election, which leads to little or no effect in DPP's campaign strategy of "China's interference".

Observations

  • New structure:

    • Close to 30% of new voters show disdain of both blue and green camps (namely KMT and DPP)

    • Young (middle schoolers), educated, middle class

    • Flooded rallies in Taipei in support of TPP (Ko and Huang)

  • Implications:

    • Third party?

    • Both DPP and KMT must reform!

Overview

  • China factor in Taiwan politics

  • China Manipulate elections as political warfare

  • Election interference: Some literature

  • Public opinion

  • Media and social media

  • Conclusion: Ramifications and Implications 

  • Addendum: thought-provoking questions

China factor in Taiwan politics

  • Chinese identity

  • Trade

    • 2000's: ECFA, CSSTA

  • Election time interference

    • 1996: Missile crisis

    • 2020's PLAAF incursions

    • Row over "92 Consensus"

    • Ban Taiwan from WHA, ICAO

    • De-recognitions (nine countries including Honduras (2023), Nicaragua (2021))

    • Xi's address to Taiwan on "92 consensus"

PLAAF incursions 

Chinese Election Interference in Taiwan

Barss (2022)

  • documents China/CCP's records and attempts to influence elections in Taiwan
    • Media
    • Economic connections
    • Parties
    • Politicians
    • Internet and social media (Disinformation and Misinformation)

The China factor seemingly less significant in Taiwan’s 2024 presidential election

Wang (2024)

  • China's intention of manipulating public opinion and electoral outcomes is not questionable. 
  • When out of means, options for Beijing become limited except hard power coercion

All indications show that that Chinese leaders will continue their uncompromising policy toward Taiwan — and the history of tense and chilly cross-Strait relations under DPP leadership may repeat itself should Lai win the election on 13 January."

- TY Wang 2024

  • Objectives

    • Win support for Pro-Beijing agenda

    • Divide and Conquer

    • Undermine democratic institutions

      • Electoral systems

      • Party systems

      • Judicial systems

  • Ultimate goal: Lower Enemy Guard and Expand Control

  • Hong Kong example: stealing voting data, now change the rules

China Manipulates Elections as Political Warfare

  • Election systems

  • Party system:

    • Pro-Beijing parties

    • "Neutral/Middle of the Road" parties

    • Pan-democratic parties

      1. Target leaders for attacks

      2. Plant "radical" dissent parties

      3. Negotiations through "middle-man"

  • Media and Social Media

    • EMCB

    • Advertising (and PR) industry

From Covert to Overt intervention: How China Divides and Conquers in Hong Kong

Formula/Sequence for success:

  1. Gradual process ("Time is on our side")
  2. Instill Stockholm syndrome
  3. Dissolve opposition organization and resolve
  4. Elimination by new "law"

Who do you think is making fake news during
the election? (TIGCR 2020)

Source Percent (multiple selection)
Candidates 48%
China 47.85%
Blue media 46.04%
Green media 44.29%
DPP 31.95%
KMT 30.58%

What is the impact of fake news on society? (TIGCR 2020)

Impact Percent (multiple selection)
To influence election results 51.73
To make political divergence 56.97
To make people divergence 65.84
To cause social panic and chaos 67.74
Let interested people influence the election easily 64.28
No effect 2.16

Taiwan Talkshows on YouTube

Program Subscription totalviews novideos viewpervideo Channel
關鍵時刻(劉寶傑) 3,060,000 4,514,719,289 33500 134,767.74 EBC
少康戰情室(趙少康) 1,410,000 1,809,366,976 33946 53,301.33 TVBS
新聞大白話(彭志宇) 1,250,000 1,930,234,216 26,742 72,179.87 TVBS
新聞深喉嚨(王又正) 頭條開講 1,120,000 938,655,544 16206 57,920.25 CTI
年代向錢看(陳凝觀) 1,070,000 875,671,569 17993 48,667.35 ERA
新聞挖挖哇(鄭弘儀) 907,000 969,734,640 17914 54,132.78 JET
台灣最前線(許仲江) 841,000 750,144,176 33671 22,278.64 FTV
國民大會(于美人) 626,000 423,730,053 12055 35,149.73 TVBS
新聞龍捲風 594,000 409,607,276 4814 85,086.68 CTI
大政治大爆卦 545000 424,621,139 15318 35,149.73 CTI

Taiwan News channels on YouTube (TIGCR)

News Channel Label 2018 2019 2020 2021
TVBS 新聞台 TVBS 24.45 26.78 31.94 31.45
三立新聞台 SET 23.21 27.05 31.95 29.33
東森新聞台 ETTV 22.79 26.83 29.06 24.3
民視新聞台 FTV 20.72 22.38 24.84 22.22
年代新聞台 ERA 9.07 10.93 16.27 10.41
中天新聞台 CTI 19.02 24.8 24.58 9.65
壹電視新聞台 NTV 5.88 8 8.98 8.35
中視新聞台 CTV 2.65 3.7 3.82 6.63
非凡新聞台 USTV 4.2 4.88 7.28 5.86
寰宇新聞台 CN 2.56 3.08 3.92 3.71
華視新聞頻道 CTS 1.61 1.44 1.46 2.2
寰宇新聞二台 CN HD 1.56 1.2 1.67

"China interference" (中國介選) on news

Channel Reports Label
民視新聞網 51 FTV
三立LIVE新聞 32 SET
三立iNEWS 23 SET
全國第一勇 22 FTV
鏡新聞 20 MNEWS
三立新聞網SETN 17 SET
年代向錢看 14 ERA
自由時報電子報 14 Libety Times
華視新聞 CH52 14 CTS
台視新聞 TTV NEWS 13 TTV
民視讚夯 Formosa TV Thumbs Up 13 FTV
94看新聞 12 SET
中天新聞 9 CTI

Election interference by a foreign power can increase political partisanship in a targeted state and can be an effective tool for throwing weight behind a candidate.

Wilson (2022)

  • When external governments intervene into democratic elections in a partisan manner, domestic political actors will react strategically.
  • Domestic political actors will seek to exploit the intervention for their own political gain. 

CCP's new strategy:

  • the threats approach have been replaced with narrowly targeted efforts such as politicians and party leaders to mobilize Beijing-friendly segments of Taiwan’s population.

As a result...

  • China factor operates differently in 2024 elections

  • Any connections with China can be construed in campaign strategy as unpatriotic:

    •         China becomes liability/baggage to parties supporting China/peace/trade....

    •         China becomes assets/capital for parties opposed any interactions

\rightarrow
\rightarrow

Implications

  • Will Taiwan break the mold and become a three party system?

  • Three-player game should lead to a result of coalition with two of the three players (e.g. Britain in 2010).

  • In the Taiwan case, building coalition had a bad record, thus unlikely to build a stable government without majority.

  • How likely the new government can improve cross-Strait relations?

The Internet and the Democratization of Civic Culture 

  • Four pillars for civic culture:

    • Knowledge

    • Loyalty to democratic values

    • Practices and routines

    • Identity as citizens 

Dahlgren (2000)

Political Polarization: Three Party Structure

Takeaway

  1. Asymmetry of impacts in the national identity continuum prevails.  Independence proponents have been showing stronger support for DPP than unification proponents to KMT.

  2. Taiwanese identity polarizes further the blue and green in 2016.

  3. Economic factors may not be the predominant driving forces of future elections, in competition with other identity factors and party effects.

Critical question:

Which party can help maintain status quo better than others?

Takeaway

Most important issue: Taiwan

Source: TEDS, National Chengchi University

Issue Percentage
Economic development 35.19
Cross-strait relations 20.22
Education policy 13.86
Judicial reform problem 11.34
Annuity reform 5.61
Transitional justice 2.60
No opinion 2.45
It's hard to say 1.27
Refuse to answer 0.83
Energy policy 0.65
House prices 0.43
National defense problem 0.29
Livelihood issues 0.16
Corruption Problem 0.10
Income inequality 0.10
Social welfare problem 0.05
Don't know 4.84
Total 100

Most important issue: Taiwan

Source: TEDS, National Chengchi University

Issue Percentage
Economic development 35.19
Cross-strait relations 20.22
Education policy 13.86
Judicial reform problem 11.34
Annuity reform 5.61
Transitional justice 2.60
No opinion 2.45
It's hard to say 1.27
Refuse to answer 0.83
Energy policy 0.65
House prices 0.43
National defense problem 0.29
Livelihood issues 0.16
Corruption Problem 0.10
Income inequality 0.10
Social welfare problem 0.05
Don't know 4.84
Total 100

Party identification

Source: National Chengchi University, https://esc.nccu.edu.tw/PageDoc/Detail?fid=7805&id=6962

Party identification

Source: National Chengchi University, https://esc.nccu.edu.tw/PageDoc/Detail?fid=7805&id=6962

Independence vs. Unification

Source: National Chengchi University, https://esc.nccu.edu.tw/PageDoc/Detail?fid=7805&id=6962

Independence vs. Unification

Source: National Chengchi University, https://esc.nccu.edu.tw/PageDoc/Detail?fid=7805&id=6962

Independence vs. Unification

Source: National Chengchi University, https://esc.nccu.edu.tw/PageDoc/Detail?fid=7805&id=6962

Will China invade/take over Taiwan?

Will China invade/take over Taiwan?

Conclusion

  • Critical election introduces changes in political party system

  • Taiwan generally two party system
  • Proportional representation (PR) votes (不分區票）allows third party to take votes from two major parties
  • More away from KMT or blue camp since 2014
  • Major factors affecting blue camp:
    • Loss of stewardship of status quo
    • Loss of young voters due to education policy
    • Loss of votes to middle of the road parties

Thank you!

Questions or suggestions will be most welcome!

Talk: The New Taiwan Electorate: Structural Changes in 2024 Elections

By Karl Ho

Talk: The New Taiwan Electorate: Structural Changes in 2024 Elections

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