Why Nations Fail Illustrated

Lecture 11

Origins of Inclusive Institutions

in the 20th century

December 18, 2018

Masayuki Kudamatsu

Chapter 14 and pp. 455-457

Today's Road Map

Botswana

US South in the 1960s

Brazil since 1978

Today's Road Map

Botswana

US South in the 1960s

Brazil since 1978

Image Source: Washington Post

Precolonial Botswana

By 19th century, pluralistic institutions were formed

"Kgotla" (general assembly of adult males)

Frequently held

Topics discussed:

    tribal disputes

    new taxes

    new public works

Chief's wishes can be overruled

Anyone may speak

Image Source: Under African Skies

Chieftaincy: not strictly hereditary

Open to any man demonstrating significant talent & ability

British colonization of Botswana

1885

Becomes a British protectorate

But Britain has no interest in resource extraction etc.

1885 Map showing British possessions

Image Source: Wikimedia Commons

British colonization of Botswana (cont.)

1895

Three Tswana chiefs visited Britain

Image Source: Wikimedia Commons

Their request accepted by British government

Request British govt

to protect them from Rhodes

Tour around Britain

to gather popular support

1889

Cecil Rhodes started colonizing Rhodesia (Zimbabwe/Zambia)

Colonial Botswana (1895-1966)

Escape the indirect rule of Britain like in Sierra Leone (Lecture 9)

Avoid the establishment of apartheid like in South Africa (Lecture 8)

But the colonial rule prevented innovation

Quett Masire (who would later become president in 1980)

Developed new cultivation techniques for sorghum in the 1950s

e.g.

Found a potential customer in South Africa

But couldn't use the British railway connecting Botswana and South Africa

Image Source: Wikimedia Commons

Botswana after independence (since 1966)

Centralization

Chieftaincy Amendment Act of 1970

Remove the right to allocate land from chiefs

cf. Sierra Leone (Lecture 9)

Only Setswana and English taught in school

1946 census shows large ethnic heterogeneity

Today there is no ethnic/linguistic fragmentation

(Census never asks ethnicity since independence)

Plurality

Most of the Tswana chiefs and elites:

join the ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP)

Multiparty democracy ever since independence

Inclusive

Extractive

Both

Plurality

and

Centralized

State

Either

Absolutist

or

Lack of

Centralization

That is...

Botswana after independence (since 1966) (cont.)

Coalition in favour of secure property rights

Elites own cattle (major assets in the economy)

(Land: held communally)

Cattle: historically owned as private property

Image Source: Sunday Standard

economic institutions
Secure
for everyone
Property rights Insecure
for majority of people
Free Occupational
choice
Forced labor
Free Entry of new businesses Prevented by monopolies
Unbiased System of laws Biased for
the powerful/rich
Promoted Public service provision Discouraged

Economic Institutions

Inclusive

Extractive

Property rights

Secure for everyone

Insecure for

majority of people

Occupational choice

Free

Forced labor

Entry of

new businesses

Free

Prevented by

monopolies

System of laws

Unbiased

Biased for

the powerful / rich

Public service provision

Provided

Limited

That is...

Botswana after independence (since 1966) (cont.)

Botswana Meat Commission

(marketing board)

Promote export

Control foot-and-mouth disease

Set up by BDP in 1967

cf. Marketing boards in Sierra Leone (Lecture 9)

economic institutions
Secure
for everyone
Property rights Insecure
for majority of people
Free Occupational
choice
Forced labor
Free Entry of new businesses Prevented by monopolies
Unbiased System of laws Biased for
the powerful/rich
Promoted Public service provision Discouraged

Economic Institutions

Inclusive

Extractive

Property rights

Secure for everyone

Insecure for

majority of people

Occupational choice

Free

Forced labor

Entry of

new businesses

Free

Prevented by

monopolies

System of laws

Unbiased

Biased for

the powerful / rich

Public service provision

Provided

Limited

That is...

Botswana after independence (since 1966) (cont.)

Discovery of diamonds in 1972

Govt passes a law to make

all subsoil mineral rights vested in the nation, not the tribe

Diamond revenues

used for state building, infrastructure, education

Image Source: The Economist

economic institutions
Secure
for everyone
Property rights Insecure
for majority of people
Free Occupational
choice
Forced labor
Free Entry of new businesses Prevented by monopolies
Unbiased System of laws Biased for
the powerful/rich
Promoted Public service provision Discouraged

Economic Institutions

Inclusive

Extractive

Property rights

Secure for everyone

Insecure for

majority of people

Occupational choice

Free

Forced labor

Entry of

new businesses

Free

Prevented by

monopolies

System of laws

Unbiased

Biased for

the powerful / rich

Public service provision

Provided

Limited

That is...

Consequences

among the poorest in the world

12km of paved roads

22 college graduates

100 secondary school graduates

highest per capita income in Africa

GDP per capita (constant 2010 US$)

At independence

Now

Today's Road Map

Botswana

US South in the 1960s

Brazil since 1978

Extractive institutions in US South until 1950s

Politically:

Former slaves de facto disenfranchised

poll tax and literacy test (Lecture 9)

Economically:

Former slaves forced to work for plantation owners

Black Code (Lecture 9)

Former slaves: better organized to protest

Reasons for institutional change in the 1950s

1

2

3

U.S. Federal court and legislation intervenes

Plantation based on manual labor: outdated

Former slaves: better organized to protest

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56)

By law of Montgomery, Alabama, bus seats were segregated by race

Rose Parks (civil rights activist):

Arrested for sitting in a bus seat reserved for whites

Black people boycotted any bus ride in Montgomery for a year

U.S. Federal Supreme Court intervenes

U.S. South institutions were ruled as unconstitutional:

Segregation of schools by race (Lecture 9)

Segregation of bus seats by race

in response to Montgomery Bus Boycott

Legislative malapportionment

Rural areas (dominated by plantation owners) were overrepresented in legislature

Federal court rulings were actually enforced

Federal court ruling in 1962:

James Meredith, a young black air force veteran

must be admitted to University of Mississippi

Citizens' Councils, white supremacist groups,

organize protests

State governor Ross Barnett

publicly rejects the ruling

Federal court rulings were enforced (cont.)

On September 30, 1962

U.S. marshals brought Meredith to the campus

U.S. Federal Congress intervenes

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Outlaws all segregationist state legislation & practices

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Bans literacy tests, poll taxes, & any other methods to disenfranchise voters

Plantation based on manual labor: outdated 

(1) Mass outmigration of blacks from the South

100,000 per year

in 1940s & 1950s

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Image source: Wikimedia Commons

Harder for the elite to force blacks to work for plantation

Plantation based on manual labor: outdated (cont.) 

(2) Mechanization of cotton production

By 1960, half of production had become mechanized

In 1950, almost all cotton was still hand-picked

No reason for US South elite

to vigorously fight for maintaining extractive institutions

(1) Mass outmigration of blacks from the South

Consequences

Inclusive political institutions

Voter turnout for blacks

Mississippi

Alabama & South Carolina

5%

10%

50%

50%

1960

1970

Consequences (cont.)

Inclusive economic institutions

% of black employees in textile mills

5% in 1960

15% in 1970

25% in 1990

economic institutions
Secure
for everyone
Property rights Insecure
for majority of people
Free Occupational
choice
Forced labor
Free Entry of new businesses Prevented by monopolies
Unbiased System of laws Biased for
the powerful/rich
Promoted Public service provision Discouraged

Economic Institutions

Inclusive

Extractive

Property rights

Secure for everyone

Insecure for

majority of people

Occupational choice

Free

Forced labor

Entry of

new businesses

Free

Prevented by

monopolies

System of laws

Unbiased

Biased for

the powerful / rich

Public service provision

Provided

Limited

That is...

Consequences (cont.)

Economic growth

Per capita income in southern states

50% of the national average in 1940

The gap vanished by 1990

Today's Road Map

Botswana

US South in the 1960s

Brazil since 1978

Brazil until 1970s

Military dictatorship (1964-1985)

Source: Wikipedia

Income inequality: among the world's largest

Emergence of inclusive institutions in Brazil

Workers' Party led by Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva

1979

Founded as a broad coalition of citizens

Opposition politicians

Labor union leaders

Students

Intellectuals

100 diverse social movements across Brazil

1982

Wins two mayoral elections

1988

Controls 36 municipal govts (incl. Sao Paulo)

1989

Lula wins 44% of votes in presidential election run-off

Lula wins the presidential election

2002

Emergence of inclusive institutions in Brazil (cont.)

Introduced by Workers' Party in 1988

Ordinary citizens:

take part in formulating priorities of city govt spendings

Becomes a world model for local govt accountability

Public service provision improved as a result (Goncalves 2014)

Investment in sanitation and health

Infant mortality

Image Source: Occupy.com

Consequences

Rapid economic growth & falling income inequality since 1990

% of population in poverty

45% in 1990

30% in 2006

Average years of schooling

6 years in 1995

8 years in 2006

Week 13

Chapter 6

Week 11

Chapter 14

United Kingdom

in 19c

 

United States

in early 20c

Republic of Venice

 

 

Roman Republic

Weeks 11-13: Survival of Inclusive Institutions

Botswana

 

 

US South

in the 1950s-1960s

 

Brazil

since the 1970s

Week 12

Chapter 11

Next week

Your to-do list until next class

Read Chapter 11 along with

pp. 364-365 (a summary)

and post questions on Prulu

1

2

3

Start collecting documents on political/economic events in your country

Write the 1st draft of your term paper

Politics through the Lens of Economics (2018): Lecture 11

By Masayuki Kudamatsu

Politics through the Lens of Economics (2018): Lecture 11

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