Query better with Django ORM

Data Science Summit 2020

Mafinar Khan

  • Programming with Python since 2001
  • Django since 2009
  • Senior Backend Engineer at Coffee Meets Bagel
  • Talk to me about: Databases, Domain Driven Design, GraphQL, Functional Programming and GIS
  • And also- Elixir, Dart, Phoenix

What we'll cover

  • Fundamentals
  • Functions and Aggregators
  • Expressions
  • Postgres specific field

Topic cloud

n+1

window

aggregates

annotate

constraints

function

postgres

admin

json

fulltext

queryset

explain

lookups

index

Expressions

Q

F

Arrays

range

explain/analyze

django-debug-tool

managers

search

fundamentals

queryset anatomy

  • Model
  • Manager
  • Methods
  • Look-ups
Product.objects.filter(name__startswith="A")

lazy
chainable
iterable

tools

SQL Representation

Explain

Frequently used methods

  • all, iteration
  • filter, exclude
  • slice operators, order_by
  • annotate, values, values_list, extra
  • aggregate
  • earliest, first, last, latest, dates
  • select_related, prefetch_related

Schema

# Get a list of categories
Category.objects.all()

# Get an iterator of categories
Category.objects.iterator()

# Get product with categories filled in
Product.objects.select_related("category").all()

# Get all dates stocks were in
ProductItem.objects.dates("stock_in_date", "day")

# Find all products that end with "phone"
Product.objects.filter(name__endswith="phone")

# Find all product items
ProductItems.objects.count()

Note

  • all vs iterator
  • select_related and prefetch_related
  • count and exist

functions and aggregators

Functions and aggregates

  • DBMS is usually faster, make it do all the work
  • Use Database functions whenever you can easily
  • Annotations are your friends

Annotations and VAlues

  • Annotations attach each object with provided data
  • values and values_list picks up fields from data
Product.objects\
	.select_related("category")\
    .values("category__name")\
    .annotate(count=Count("pk")

functions and aggregate example

def purchases_by_month():
    return ProductItem.objects\
        .annotate(month=ExtractMonth("stock_in_date"))\
        .values("month")\
        .annotate(sales=Avg("product__price"))


def total_sale():
    return ProductItem.objects\
        .select_related("product")\
        .aggregate(total=Sum('product__price'))

expressions

composable, nestable represenation of computation

expression

  • Query Expression
  • Conditional Expression
  • F and Q Objects
  • SubQuery

find number of products, three product names, and average price per category

Category.objects.annotate(
  total=Subquery(
    Product.objects.filter(
      category=OuterRef("pk")).values("category").annotate(
	  total=Count("pk")).values("total")),
	  product_names=Subquery(
	    Product.objects.filter(
		category=OuterRef("pk")).values("category").annotate(
          names=StringAgg("name", "||")).values("names")),
	  average_price=Subquery(
	    Product.objects.filter(
	      category=OuterRef("pk")).values("category").annotate(
    	  avg_price=Avg("price")).values("avg_price")))

Conditional statement

  • Aka CASE statement
  • Helps with putting conditionally acquired data into DB context

window functions

  • Apply Function on Partitions
  • Expression (What to do)
  • Partition (What group to apply one)
  • Order (On What Order)
def average_price():
    return Product.objects.annotate(
        average_by_category=Window(
            expression=Avg('price'),
            partition_by=[F('category')],
            order_by=F('category').asc()
        )
    ).values(
        'name', 'category__name', 'average_by_category')

new schema time!!!

class Message(models.Model):
    when = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, db_index=True)
    sender = models.CharField(max_length=127)
    recipient = models.CharField(max_length=127)

    objects = MessageManager()

    def __str__(self):
        return f'[{self.when.ctime()}] {self.sender} -> {self.recipient}'

Find last messages between two individuals

class MessageManager(models.Manager):
    def latest_distinct(self):
        return super().get_queryset().annotate(
            user_1=Case(
                When(sender__gt=F('recipient'), then=F('recipient')),
                default=F('sender')
            ),
            user_2=Case(
                When(sender__gt=F('recipient'), then=F('sender')),
                default=F('recipient')
            )
        ).order_by('user_1', 'user_2', '-when').distinct('user_1', 'user_2')

WHY?

postgres specific fields

Postgres specific fields

  • Citext, JSONB, HStore, Range
  • Ranges
  • Searches
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.postgres.fields import CITextField, CICharField, JSONField
from phonenumber_field.modelfields import PhoneNumberField

from common.models import TimeStampedModel


class Customer(TimeStampedModel):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=127)
    email = models.EmailField(unique=True)
    phone_number = PhoneNumberField(unique=True)
    address = CITextField(blank=True)
    bio = CICharField(blank=True, max_length=31)
    preferences = JSONField(null=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name
Customer.objects.filter(preferences__send_email=True)

Customer.objects.filter(preferences__languages__contains="python")

Customer.objects.filter(bio__contains="pYThOn")

yet another schema!!!

This one will be fun!!!

write an attendance system with clash detection

class Event(TimeStampedModel):
    user = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    time_range = DateTimeRangeField(db_index=True, default=default_time_range)
    remarks = models.TextField(blank=True)

    objects = EventManager()

    def __str__(self):
        return f'{self.user.username}: ({format_time_range(self.time_range)})'

    class Meta:
        ordering = '-time_range',
        # Uncomment in the event of Python 3.0!!!
        # constraints = [
        #     ExclusionConstraint(
        #         name='exclude_overlapping_reservations',
        #         expressions=[
        #             ('time_range', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
        #             ('user', RangeOperators.EQUAL),
        #         ]
        #     ),
        # ]

def create_event(user, start_time=None, end_time=None) -> Event:
    return Event.objects.create(
        user=user, time_range=DateTimeTZRange(lower=start_time or now(), upper=end_time))


def update_event(pk, start_time, end_time) -> Event:
    return Event.objects.get(id=pk).update(
        time_range=DateTimeTZRange(lower=start_time, upper=end_time))
class EventManager(models.Manager):
    def get_queryset(self):
        return super().get_queryset().annotate(
            start_time=Lower('time_range'),
            end_time=Upper('time_range'),
            is_current=Case(
                When(
                    end_time__isnull=True,
                    then=True),
                default=False,
                output_field=BooleanField()),
            duration=Case(
                When(is_current=True,
                     then=ExpressionWrapper(Now() - F('start_time'),
                                            output_field=DurationField())),
                default=ExpressionWrapper(F('end_time') - F('start_time'),
                                          output_field=DurationField()))
        )

Let's search now!!!

search query and search vector

def find_in_category_or_product(query):
    return Product.objects.select_related('category').annotate(
        category_name=F('category__name'),
    ).annotate(
        search=SearchVector('name') + SearchVector('category_name')
    ).filter(search=query)


# FIND Pixel Phones that does not have TAB in it
services.find_in_category_or_product(
	SearchQuery('pixel') & ~SearchQuery('tab'))

# FIND ANYTHING WHERE 'phone' IS IN 'name' or 'category name'
services.find_in_category_or_product('phone')

trigram similarity

def fuzzy_name_finder(term, model=Product):
    return model.objects.annotate(
        similarity=TrigramSimilarity('name', term)
    ).filter(similarity__gt=0.1).order_by('-similarity')


# SHOULD GIVE YOU PIXEL
services.fuzzy_name_finder("pijsel")

patterns and practices

Useful tools

  • Django Debug Tool
  • Django Extensions

Additional tips

  • Think in terms of Data, SQL and then Python
  • Always Analyze

what's not covered

  • Advanced F Object
  • More Window Functions
  • Custom Lookups

thank you

Query Better with Django ORM

By Mafinar Khan

Query Better with Django ORM

In this workshop, we will learn about intermediate and advanced features of Django ORM. We will see how we can run complex queries with Django ORM efficiently and staying Pythonic all the while.

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