Exploring Quantum Mechanics

with your laser pointer!

Dr. Justin Dressel

Assistant Professor of Physics

Shiva Barzili & Aaron Grisez

Chapman University Students

What is a LASER?

Index card

Tape

Thin Wire

Window

Sophisticated Apparatus I

Sophisticated Apparatus I

Shine laser on wire, with the wire in the exact center of the laser beam.

Display the beam on a blank index card, far away from the wire (5-10ft).

What do you see?  What does it mean?

Water wave interference 

Laser interference 

Single photon interference 

Single photon interference 

Questions:

If light hits the screen as individual small spots (photons), how can there be wave-like interference?

Doesn't each photon have to choose which way it goes around the wire?

Each photon could only produce interference if it went both ways around the wire like a wave does.

What happens if we try to watch which way it went?

Tagging light with polarization 

Idea : Use the polarization of light to record which side of the wire it goes around

Light has another property called "polarization".

A "polarizer" blocks part of the light so that only one type of polarization can pass through.

Two crossed polarizers
block all the light.

Polarization Questions:

• What if the polarizers are not crossed at 90 degrees?
   
• What happens if you put a third polarizer in between?
   
• If light is a wave, can you explain this behavior?
  
  
  
  
  
   
• If light is made of individual photons that can either pass through each polarizer or get absorbed by the polarizer, can you explain this behavior?

Hint:

Index card

Tape

Thin Wire

Sophisticated Apparatus II

Polarizer

Crossed Polarizer

Idea : Polarization now records which side of the wire photons go around

Sophisticated Apparatus II

Shine laser on wire, with the wire in the exact center of the laser beam, and equal parts going through each polarizer.

Display the beam on a blank index card, far away from the wire (5-10ft).

What do you see?  What does it mean?

Quantum Measurement

By "looking" at which way the photons went around the wire using the polarizing filters, the photons must "choose" which way they actually went.

Forcing this choice prevents the photons from interfering with themselves like waves, so the interference pattern vanishes!

Photons only behave like waves when you don't look at which way they went.

But wait, there's more!

Shine laser on wire, with the wire in the exact center of the laser beam, and equal parts going through each polarizer.

Display the beam on a blank index card, far away from the wire (5-10ft).

What do you see?  What does it mean?

Put a third polarizer after the wire!

Quantum Erasure

Before the third polarizer, the photons have been "tagged" with polarization information that records which way they went.

If the third polarizer is aligned with one of the tags, it selects only those photons that went around one side of the wire: no interference pattern is visible.

However, if the third polarizer is at 45 degrees, it erases the information about which way the photons went:
the interference pattern reappears!

Dazzle your Friends

Thank you!