HTML 5

Most important changes

• aside, footer, article ... - contextual,
• canvas, svg - graphics rendering
• audio, video - playback
• LocalStorage, WebSocket, PushState APIs

CSS 3

Standard toolkit

• selectors
• pseudo-selectors
• Responsive Web Design (RWD)
  • @media query
  • em, rem, %
  • pixel-ratio
• animations

LESS

• Bootstrap is done with this,
• basic features: mix-ins, inheritance

SASS

• full-fledged support: for, if, ... ,
• Compass tool require Ruby, that is problematic on Win

Layout

• box model + float
• flexbox
• grid model

Bootstrap

Important parts

• RWD grid,
• UI components,
• jQuery-style plugins,
• themes

That scary ...

Pros

• expressive - less code to write,
• dynamic types system,
• partially functional - functions as variables/parameters,
• modern - es2015, es7
• multi-platform, multiple uses - browsers, servers, db, ....

Consts

• no compilation, no types - thus late errors (runtime), 
• quirks and bizarre behaviors,
• function scope vs block scope, 
• hoisting 

Function scope

function test () {
    if (true) {
        var b = 2;
    }
    var a = 1;
    console.log(a); // 1
    console.log(b); // 2
};

ES 2015 - lastest standard

• let, const,
• object/array deconstruction, 
• lambda expressions,
• class syntax,
• modules

Typescript

• superset ES2015,
• adds type annotations,
• autocomplete

node.js

Elements

• node.js - environment,
  • V8 engine - quick,
  • single loop,
  • async
• npm - package manager,
  • bower
• gulp - task runner,
• karma - test runner,
  • jasmine, mocha - BDD,
  • protractor - e2e