Heart & Thorax
Thorax
- Boundaries:
- Anterior: (sternum)
- Posterior: (posterior ribs)
- Lateral: (ribs)
- Superior: 1st thoracic, sternum - upper border
- Inferior: diaphragm
- Function
- Conduit
Thorax: Landmarks
- Sternal angle
- Superior border
- Anterior border
- Inferior border
- Lateral border
- Mediastinum
Thorax: Landmarks
- Sternal angle
-
The crossing of the thoracic duct
-
The bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk
-
The body of vertebrae T4
-
The drainage of the azygos vein into the superior vena cava
Thorax: Landmarks
- Mediastinum
Thorax: Landmarks
- Middle Mediastinum
-
the heart enclosed in the pericardium
- the ascending aorta
- the lower half of the superior vena cava with the azygos veinopening into it
- the bifurcation of the trachea and the two bronchi
- the pulmonary artery dividing into its two branches
- the right and left pulmonary veins
- the phrenic nerves
- some bronchial lymphatic glands
- pericardiocophrenic vessels
-
Thorax: Landmarks
- Posterior Mediastinum
- artery: thoracic part of the descending aorta
- veins (azygos, hemiazygos, and accessory hemiazygos vein)
- nerves
- esophagus
- thoracic duct
- some lymph glands
Thorax: Landmarks
- Superior Mediastinum
- trachea
- esophagus
- thoracic duct
- remains of the thymus
- some lymph glands
- anterior longitudinal ligament
Thorax: Components
- Ribs
- 1-7 articulation with sternum
- 8-10 articulate with the rib above
- 11-12 free floating
- Muscles (internal, innermost, and external)
- Attachment of anterior and posterior scalenes
- Know position of Subclavian A&V relative to this
- VANs (__?__ groove)
- Posterior intercostal arteries off the aorta
- Anterior intercostal aretries off the internal thoracic
- What artery does the internal thoracic artery branch off?
Thorax: Components
- Diaphragm
- Phrenic nerve (?)
- Vertebral level for the exit of
- Inferior vena cava?
- Esophagus?
- Abdominal Aorta?
- Lungs
- Heart
Thorax: Lungs
- Not in the Pleural cavity but surrounded by it
- Visceral layer vs. the Parietal layer
- Pleural recess (pneumothorax)
- Lobes (right __?__, left __?__), Hilus
Thorax: Respiration
- Inspiration: active process
- Expiration: passive
- Accessory muscles: eg. scalenes, SCM
- Bronchial arteries run on bronchi to supply oxygenated blood
- Parasympathetic (X)
- Sympathetic (T2 - T5) -> dilate bronchioles
Heart
- Pericardium (attached to the diaphragm and sternum)
- Parietal
- Serous (mesothelial cells)
- Fibrous
- Visceral
- Parietal
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
- Posterior is the left ventricle, Anterior is the right
Heart: Components
- Pectinate Muscle (atrium)
- Fossa Ovalis - fetal flow
- Number of leaflets in mitral valve (__?__)
- which side (__?__)
- Cardiac skeleton (Fibrous trigone)
- Intraventricular septum is a muscular membrane
- What are chordae tendenae? Papillary muscles?
Heart: Blood Flow
- 2 Brachiocephalics -> 1 sup. venacava & inf. vena cava
- Drain into right atrium
- Blood moves into right ventricle
- Out pulmonary artery
- Lungs (oxygenation)
- Pulmonary Vein
- Left atrium
- Left ventricle
- Aorta
- Coronary artery (LAD/Great cardiac vein, Left Circumflex, Right Sinuatrial, right marginal, Posterior IV/Middle cardiac vein)
- Coronary veins into coronary sinus (right atrium)
Heart: Innervation
- Parasympathetics (decrease HR)
- Sympathetics (Increase HR and force of contraction)
- LA: Left anterior for Vagus
Heart & Thorax
By Saj Arora
Heart & Thorax
- 665