Almost all Distributed Systems use this.
To maintain consistency of their data admist of failures.
Akamai CDN
Google - High Replication Data stores for App Engines.
Chubby - Distributed Lock Service for BigTable.
IBM SAN Volume
Apache ZooKeeper - Yahoo!
Decrees, Legislators, Ledger
A Single Law!
Safety
Liveness. (Eventual Consistency).
Proposers
Acceptors
Leaners
Leader Election amongst the processes
Consistent Result amost the processes.
Semaphores for Multi-threaded apps.
Variations exists on top of Basic Paxos.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxos_(computer_science)
By Senthil Kumaran
Very simple introduction and high level introduction to paxos
Hacker, Python Core Developer and an Experimenter.