什么是Promise

所谓Promise，简单说就是一个容器，里面保存着某个未来才会结束的事件（通常是一个异步操作）的结果。

从语法上说，Promise 是一个对象，用来传递异步操作的消息。

回调函数

//示例：使用了回调函数的异步处理
http.get('/v1/get', function(error, data) {
    if (error) {
        //错误时的处理
    }
    //成功时的处理
})

Promise

var promise = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
  if (/* 异步操作成功 */){
    resolve(value);
  } else {
    reject(error);
  }
});

promise.then(function(value) {
  // 如果调用了resolve方法，执行此函数
}, function(value) {
  // 如果调用了reject方法，执行此函数
});

为什么要使用Promise

回调地狱

基本用法

var promise = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
  if (/* 异步操作成功 */){
    resolve(value);
  } else {
    reject(error);
  }
});

promise.then(function(value) {
  // 如果调用了resolve方法，执行此函数
}, function(value) {
  // 如果调用了reject方法，执行此函数
});

一个构造函数

pending: 初始状态, 或者进行中, 表示还没有得到结果

fulfilled（resolved）: 意味着操作成功完成

rejected: 意味着操作失败 

状态是不可逆的，一旦状态改变就不会在变

Then方法

then方法的执行结果也会返回一个Promise对象。因此我们可以进行then的链式执行，这也是解决回调地狱的主要方式

可以接收构造函数中处理的状态变化

Promise.prototype.then = function(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
  if (this.constructor !== Promise) {
    return safeThen(this, onFulfilled, onRejected);
  }
  var res = new Promise(noop);
  handle(this, new Handler(onFulfilled, onRejected, res));
  return res;
};

Catch方法

指定发生错误时的回调函数

ES6 Promise API

• Promise.all()                 A+B -> C

• Promise.race()
• Promise.resolve()
• Promise.reject()

源码分析

// States:
//
// 0 - pending
// 1 - fulfilled with _value
// 2 - rejected with _value
// 3 - adopted the state of another promise, _value
//
// once the state is no longer pending (0) it is immutable

// All `_` prefixed properties will be reduced to `_{random number}`
// at build time to obfuscate them and discourage their use.
// We don't use symbols or Object.defineProperty to fully hide them
// because the performance isn't good enough.


// to avoid using try/catch inside critical functions, we
// extract them to here.
var LAST_ERROR = null;
var IS_ERROR = {};
function getThen(obj) {
  try {
    return obj.then;
  } catch (ex) {
    LAST_ERROR = ex;
    return IS_ERROR;
  }
}

function tryCallOne(fn, a) {
  try {
    return fn(a);
  } catch (ex) {
    LAST_ERROR = ex;
    return IS_ERROR;
  }
}
function tryCallTwo(fn, a, b) {
  try {
    fn(a, b);
  } catch (ex) {
    LAST_ERROR = ex;
    return IS_ERROR;
  }
}

module.exports = Promise;

function Promise(fn) {
  if (typeof this !== 'object') {
    throw new TypeError('Promises must be constructed via new');
  }
  if (typeof fn !== 'function') {
    throw new TypeError('Promise constructor\'s argument is not a function');
  }
  this._deferredState = 0;
  this._state = 0;
  this._value = null;
  this._deferreds = null;
  if (fn === noop) return;
  doResolve(fn, this);
}
Promise._onHandle = null;
Promise._onReject = null;
Promise._noop = noop;

Promise.prototype.then = function(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
  if (this.constructor !== Promise) {
    return safeThen(this, onFulfilled, onRejected);
  }
  var res = new Promise(noop);
  handle(this, new Handler(onFulfilled, onRejected, res));
  return res;
};

function safeThen(self, onFulfilled, onRejected) {
  return new self.constructor(function (resolve, reject) {
    var res = new Promise(noop);
    res.then(resolve, reject);
    handle(self, new Handler(onFulfilled, onRejected, res));
  });
}
function handle(self, deferred) {
  while (self._state === 3) {
    self = self._value;
  }
  if (Promise._onHandle) {
    Promise._onHandle(self);
  }
  if (self._state === 0) {
    if (self._deferredState === 0) {
      self._deferredState = 1;
      self._deferreds = deferred;
      return;
    }
    if (self._deferredState === 1) {
      self._deferredState = 2;
      self._deferreds = [self._deferreds, deferred];
      return;
    }
    self._deferreds.push(deferred);
    return;
  }
  handleResolved(self, deferred);
}

function handleResolved(self, deferred) {
  asap(function() {
    var cb = self._state === 1 ? deferred.onFulfilled : deferred.onRejected;
    if (cb === null) {
      if (self._state === 1) {
        resolve(deferred.promise, self._value);
      } else {
        reject(deferred.promise, self._value);
      }
      return;
    }
    var ret = tryCallOne(cb, self._value);
    if (ret === IS_ERROR) {
      reject(deferred.promise, LAST_ERROR);
    } else {
      resolve(deferred.promise, ret);
    }
  });
}
function resolve(self, newValue) {
  // Promise Resolution Procedure: https://github.com/promises-aplus/promises-spec#the-promise-resolution-procedure
  if (newValue === self) {
    return reject(
      self,
      new TypeError('A promise cannot be resolved with itself.')
    );
  }
  if (
    newValue &&
    (typeof newValue === 'object' || typeof newValue === 'function')
  ) {
    var then = getThen(newValue);
    if (then === IS_ERROR) {
      return reject(self, LAST_ERROR);
    }
    if (
      then === self.then &&
      newValue instanceof Promise
    ) {
      self._state = 3;
      self._value = newValue;
      finale(self);
      return;
    } else if (typeof then === 'function') {
      doResolve(then.bind(newValue), self);
      return;
    }
  }
  self._state = 1;
  self._value = newValue;
  finale(self);
}

function reject(self, newValue) {
  self._state = 2;
  self._value = newValue;
  if (Promise._onReject) {
    Promise._onReject(self, newValue);
  }
  finale(self);
}
function finale(self) {
  if (self._deferredState === 1) {
    handle(self, self._deferreds);
    self._deferreds = null;
  }
  if (self._deferredState === 2) {
    for (var i = 0; i < self._deferreds.length; i++) {
      handle(self, self._deferreds[i]);
    }
    self._deferreds = null;
  }
}

function Handler(onFulfilled, onRejected, promise){
  this.onFulfilled = typeof onFulfilled === 'function' ? onFulfilled : null;
  this.onRejected = typeof onRejected === 'function' ? onRejected : null;
  this.promise = promise;
}

/**
 * Take a potentially misbehaving resolver function and make sure
 * onFulfilled and onRejected are only called once.
 *
 * Makes no guarantees about asynchrony.
 */
function doResolve(fn, promise) {
  var done = false;
  var res = tryCallTwo(fn, function (value) {
    if (done) return;
    done = true;
    resolve(promise, value);
  }, function (reason) {
    if (done) return;
    done = true;
    reject(promise, reason);
  });
  if (!done && res === IS_ERROR) {
    done = true;
    reject(promise, LAST_ERROR);
  }
}
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兼容性

https://caniuse.com/#search=promise

解决：babel-polyfill

          es6-promise

                                ...

实现异步的方法

• 自定义嵌套

• Promise

• Generator

• Defferd

• Async（ES7, Generator的封装）

Thank you！