university writing 30:151
january 19, 2016
BRIEF RECAp
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defining academic writing
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The "academic essay" as genre
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Other genres
process / life cycle of academic work
3 "ideals"?
8 characteristics of the critical essay
context, audience, & Purpose
the "academic" style?
the accepted discourse (responsive to context)
"literacy tasks" framework
#2 : ability to read complex texts
"complex" in 2 ways:
1) The content itself as complex
arguments & ideas
2) reading complexly
"active" reading:
interpreting & analyzing to find meaning
active process of developing meaning from the text
a "creative" process in the broadest sense
2 elements of "comprehension":
1) close reading
2) communicating
What ASsumption can you make about the relationship between these 2?
your understanding & comprehension must be communicated
three methods:
summary
paraphrase
quotation
distinct ways of communicating comprehension
how do they communicate comprehension distinctly?
start with purpose
what is your use case?
what method does your rhetorical goals require?
Your writing process:
clarify the purpose & let that purpose guide your decisions
summary
distinct from analysis and argument
used for support & context
unless instructed, not your main purpose
used strategically to advance your thesis
4 "Use cases" for summarizing
1) provide necessary background information
2) introduce a topic or text you will analyze
3) illustrate supporting evidence
4) early stages of writing
definition
summary as overview
summary as "distillation"
emphasis on main ideas
leaves out details, examples, evidence (Unless ...)
length?
10% of the original (a paragraph or two)
the most concise of these methods
perspective?
neutral
understand the distinction
steps (Engkent, p. 74)
1) read thoroughly & with purpose
2) identify main points & how they relate
3) revisit the article to separate ideas
4) "outline" your summary paragraph
5) start with a topic sentence
identify the author & title
6) rewrite the thesis statement in your own words
avoid direct paraphrasing or quoting at length
the essay's topic is not its thesis
a statement that makes a claim and asserts a position
7) summaries answer 2 questions:
1) what is the piece about?
2) what does the author say and how do they prove it?
may include some paraphrasing and very brief quoting
recommendation
tips
1) accessible and neutral
2) always reword when restating
use your own words & sentence structures
3) write with variety
paraphrase
detailed rewording of a specific point
adapting a specific idea for a new context
distinct from direct quotations
use vocabulary and phrasing that clarifies the idea to you
more effective at demonstrating
comprehension
enhances how well you understand the concept
any paraphrase requires citation and contextualization
observe the author's intent and meaning
handout
exercise
since the underlying reason for writing is to bridge the gulf between one person and another, as the sense of loneliness increases, more and more books are written by more and more people, most of them with little or no talent. forest are cut down, rivers of ink absorbed, and the lust to write is still unsatisfied.
WH AUDEN, "WRITING: OR, THE PATTERN BETWEEN PEOPLE"
quoting
when & why to quote
retaining the original
primary evidence
when you are analyzing or responding to a specific point
emphasis
how?
always provide context
1) introduce the quotation with your own context
2) analyze, explain significance, or respond
quotation
"sandwiches"
"integrating" a quotation instead of "dropping" it in
if you can't explain the point or purpose, it doesn't belong
if it feels out of place, it doesn't belong
identical to the original
indicate (minimal) changes w/o altering the meaning
adjust the quote to fit your sentence's grammar
why use these methods?
recall the "what"of academic writing:
engages with work of others
recall a main characteristic:
support for your claims
showing in addition to telling
lends credibility to your work
rhetorical mode: ethos
provides resources to readers
more concretely: avoiding plagiarism
awareness of what you're doing and how to do it correctly
methodical "use" scenarios & clear contextualization
what is plagiarism?
summarizing, paraphrasing, quoting without giving credit
failing to cite or properly attribute
the most common violations start with incorrect use of these methods
plagiarism "spectrum"
severe?
intent to deceive
presenting another's idea or work as your own
examples
copy & paste
not written by you
direct paraphrase of a specific argument w/o credit
less severe, still plagiarism:
passing off a quote as a paraphrase
or: using exact words without quoting
poor citation or documentation practices
E.g.: lacking in-text citations
rule: when in doubt, cite
"common"
knowledge
varies by discipline
definitions of disciplinary concepts
except where noted, general facts, dates, "schools of thought"
Questions?
"too many references" is a writing problem
err on the side of caution, but ...
don't write a "patchwork" essay
employ references to serve and corroborate your claims
differences in the disciplines
[VIA]
review "ten golden rules"
clauses & Sentence Structure
Examples from Engkent's Essay Do's and Don'ts
clause
expresses an idea or "proposition"
contains a subject and a predicate
independent clause
a clause is "independent" when it can function as a complete sentence on its own
subordinate clause
a clause that can't exist as a complete sentence
needs help from an independent clause
example
although famous people are rich and high class, they have to forfeit their privacy.
sentences
the expression of a complete thought
made up of one clause or many
4 sentence types
simple sentence
1 independent clause
we ran to class.
compound sentence
at least 2 independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction
i printed off my essay and i talked to a friend.
complex sentence
an independent clause and one (or more) subordinate clause
because I was late for the bus, I missed class.
compound-complex sentence
2 (or more) independent clauses and a subordinate clause
although i was late for class, my instructor accepted the essay and was pleased with my work.
apply this knowledge:
develop instincts for sentence variety and emphasis
handout
flickr user seanmolin, cc-by-nc-sa
UW: Jan 19 (Summary, Paraphrase, & Quotation)
By Trent Gill
UW: Jan 19 (Summary, Paraphrase, & Quotation)
Our discussions this week will be informed by academic integrity and plagiarism. To this end, we will discuss writing techniques that demonstrate reading comprehension: summary, paraphrase, and quotation. The slides also provide an overview of clauses and sentence structure.
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