Juan Miguel's Lesson

Grammar bank / Exam prep.

• Past simple, past perfect simple and past perfect continuous.
• Reported speech.
• Verb patterns (object + infinitive).
• Be allowed to vs. Let.
• Third conditional.
• Time linkers.

Past Simple

Una acción terminada, corta o puntual en un momento específico.

Past Perfect Simple

Una acción ocurrió primero en una secuencia.

Past Perfect Continuous

Duración o proceso antes de otra acción pasada.

• Usa had + V3 para lo que pasó primero.
• Si la acción duró un tiempo, usa had been + -ing.

• Simple: yesterday, last week, two days ago.
• Perfect simple: before, after, by the time, already, just.
• Perfect continuous: for, since, before, until, when.

Simple

Acción acabada en el pasado, en un momento específico - FOTO

Perfect Simple

Acción pasada que ocurrió antes de otra acción pasada - DOS VECES AL PASADO

Perfect Continuous

Acción en progreso en el pasado, que llevaba tiempo sucediendo antes de otra acción - PELÍCULA

Be allowed to

More formal (permiso concedido/algo está permitido)

Be allowed to

More formal (permiso concedido/algo está permitido)

Be allowed to

More formal (permiso concedido/algo está permitido)

Let

Casual conversation (cuando tu das permiso a)

Conditionals

Third conditional

If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick.

She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier.

I wouldn’t have arrived on time if I hadn’t taken a taxi.

If I hadn’t overslept, I wouldn’t have been late.

If you had trained harder, you would have won the race.

If clause

if + S + HAD + V3 (past participle) + C

Main clause

would/could/might + HAVE + (V3) + C

Imaginary situations in the past and their consequences.

Algo que YA ha pasado y, por lo tanto, NO podemos cambiar.

Reported Speech

Say

Énfasis en lo que se dice (las palabras en sí pero no a quien)

Tell

Enfocado en el receptor (a quién le dices algo)

Ask

Preguntas, peticiones o favores

Statements

Alguien dice algo 

Commands

Alguien dice lo que debes hacer

Suggestions

Alguien da una idea o un consejo

Statements

Backshifting

Commands

To + Base verb // NOT  + To + Base verb

Suggestions

Suggested + ING // Suggested + Should + Base verb

Reported questions

• When the direct question begins with a question word (who, where, how, when, etc.), the reported question is introduced with the same question word.
• When the direct question begins with be, do, have, can, should, etc. the reported question is introduced with if or whether.

DQ: Can you tell me the weather forecast?

RQ: She asked him if he could tell her the weather forecast.

Suggestions

• We use a GERUND (ing) after suggest.
• We don't say the person we are talking to.
• Other verbs and times expressions are reported as usual.

DS: Let’s watch a movie

RS: He suggested watching a movie.

Commands

• We use to + infinitive or not to + infinitive
• Told: report stronger commands.
• Ask: more polite requests.

DS: Don't write on the table!

RS: They told him not to write on the table.

RS (Used to)

Used to NO cambia. Solo cambian los pronombres y, a veces, los tiempos del verbo principal.

RS (Verb patterns)

Verbo + persona + to + verbo

Cuando alguien le dice a otra persona que haga algo

Time linkers 

Words and phrases that indicate time help our listeners to understand exactly when things happened, happen, or will happen in our life!

While - AL MISMO TIEMPO

As soon as - JUSTO DESPUÉS

During - DENTRO DE UN PERIODO DE TIEMPO

By the time - CUANDO ALGO YA PASÓ

Until - HASTA ESE MOMENTO

When - EN EL MOMENTO EN QUÉ

Since - DESDE ESE PUNTO

Collocations

Two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound "right" to native English speakers, who use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound "wrong".

Have lunch/dinner...

Have a bath

Do homework

Do your hair

Take a break

Save money

Pay attention

Go abroad

Go crazy

Get ready

Get started

Get upset

Catch a bus

Expressions with make

We use make + object to talk about things that we produce or create

Make a difference

Make a mistake

Make a mess

Make a claim

Make fun of

Make a complaint

Make sure