Overview

1. A quick introduction to GIS and Python,
   • with a few options on access etc.
2. Case studies
   • How to use these tools for spatial analysis, energy and environmental modelling
   • Intended to also introduce city and energy data along the way ...

Geographical Information Systems and Science

Why should you care?

• GIScience is seen by many as simply a way to visualise spatial information
  • This is an important element of the field, but somewhat misses the point
• There is a lot of work that goes on behind the ability provided to low level users to create these visualisations
  • The science encapsulates this work, done by researchers, software engineers and business peope
• The summary of information visually is a very powerful way of understanding potentially very complex data or analysis
• The next most powerful aspect, for me, is the ability to harmonise data that otherwise may be unrelated, since most things have some spatial aspect.
• A small amount of learning can provide access to a very powerful and constantly evolvign set of tools.

Python

• As well as the versatility there are a number of reasons to use Python
  • Easy to learn (verbose feedback and sensical structure)
  • Open Source (therefore free and easy to change source code)
  • Updated and Maintained (by large community)
  • Internal (to organisation) and External communities for advice
  • Cross platform
  • Excellent data structures
  • Great for GIS
• There are also reasons not to use it ....
  • Some difficulties with installation and maintenance
  • Slow compared to e.g. C (though can be combatted)
  • Not really designed for powerful machines (e.g. many processors)
    • There are Python packages that work around this, e.g. Intel.  But there are other, possibly more appropriate modern choices, e.g. GO.

Pros and Cons ..............

Python

• Distributions and platforms
  • Anaconda or Enthought
  • Jupyter Notebooks or Lab
  • A good text editor, e.g. Sublime
• Tools and Modules
  • Learn some command line tools
  • Numpy, Scipy, Matlplotlib, Pandas ...............................
• Data types
  • Integer,Floats, strings, lists, tuples, arrays, dictionaries, pandas dataframes .........
• Learning Python is much better done on your own time.  UCL has an intensive course for students and there are lots of online resources, YouTube and Stackoverflow are my first choices

Where to start .............

Python + GIS

Python and GIS together create a powerful combination

• Advantage of increasing the data handling capability, automating tasks and incorporating them in to a much wind range of projects
• If starting from a GIS background the first step is to use Python Scripting in the GUI
  • All the functions can be scripted using the ArcPy package (also QGIS and pyQGIS)
  • The package can be used outside of the GUI, but a license is required, therefore has to be on windows
  • Lots of choice and good option for automating recurring  tasks or looping through something
  • Lots of processes are simpler to carry out using the gui or ModelBuilder - a graphical way of creating pseudo code, e.g. plot
  • Modelbuilder can be exported to Python script, but some changes will be necessary

• Data Handling
  • GDAL/OGR - process vector and raster information
  • pyQGIS - QGIS functions
  • ArcPy - ArcGIS functions
  • pyshp
  • pyproj - cartographic transformations
  • geojsonio - loading geojson data
  • rtree - spatial indexing
  • fiona - read and write spatial data
  • geopy - geocoding e.g. coordinates to address
  • RSGISLib - remotes sensing

Good explanation of these modules here, here, here

• Analysis
  • shapely - manipulate and analyse planar objects
  • GeoPandas - geospatial data in pandas framework
  • PySAL - Spatial analysis fucntiosn
  • Rasterio - raster i/o
  • Networkx - network analysis and routing
  • scipy.spatial - algorithms
• Plotting
  • matplotlib - plot data on boundaries
  • descartes - plotting geometries
  • cartopy - plotting spatial data
  • geoviews - interactive web maps

Python + GIS

There are an increasing number of Python modules which do some aspect of Spatial Analysis or Mapping. Non exhaustive and evolving list:

Python + GIS

Bespoke spatial frameworks and and analysis created or carrying out using Python can also be called a GIS.

• Numpy - scientific computing, including complex arrays
• Scipy - numerical algorithms and domain specific toolboxes
• Pandas - data structures and analysis (eg.g excel)
• scikit-leanr - scikit-image

More Code

To do more complex visualisations there are better languages and tools......

• javascript - necessity for web based vis
• HTML - containers and layouts for web vis
• D3.js - variant of Javascript, designed for visualising data 
• Mapbox - slippy mapping platform
• Leaflet - javasript library for interactive maps - has python versions
• Google maps and Bing - map apis, my maps very sueful for quickly sharing data

Case Studies :

Gridded wind generation, data, modelling and visualisation

PhD: Gridded modelling of wind generation, using GIS

The power of using GIS and Python in this case was the ability to create a bespoke framework and adapt data and simulation methods to it. 

• Numpy arrays used to create model grid
  • conceptual as did not need to be spatially accurate
  • Only a common key necessary
  • Looping, slicing and mathematical operation become trivial
• Assigning data to this conceptual framework, using a geographical grid was done in ArcGIS
  • Spatial referencing necessary

PhD: Gridded modelling of wind generation, Census data to grid

Very few datasets are in the correct framework, therefore considerable work done harmonising to grid. ArcGIS outputs.

PhD: Gridded modelling of wind generation, GIS analysis of available land

• Layers of spatial restrictions on development merged
• Land use of GB wind farms examined - only common types used.

• Plots show uses of onshore turbines and the evaluation of the exclusion analysis - very few farms built in exclusion zones
• ArcGIS and matplotlib

PhD: Gridded modelling of wind generation - analysis and visualisation using Python

Blog: Animated maps of renewable energy modelling

PhD: Gridded modelling of wind generation - animated output

Blog: Animated maps of renewable energy capacity

Animated map of historical wind capacity

ArcGIS mapping, Python plotting and a video editor

Blog: Animated maps of renewable energy capacity

Animated map of historical wind capacity

ArcGIS mapping, Python plotting and a video editor

Case Studies :

Air Pollution

DEFRA Gridded background pollution projections

• DEFRA gridded 1km x 1km 2011 - 2030 projections of NOx and PM
• Disaggregated by source including roads, domestic, commerical, rail, vehicles and point sources
• Internal and external
• Current year tethered to relaity, projections = scenarios
• Can be used in environmental modelling
• Rasters visualised using ArcGIS - harmonised legend values, export to image, gif through photoshop
• Photoshop good for small gifs
• Larger number of images = after effects
• Significant levels of background pollution come from outside of the country
• Move to Northern Scotland for clean air!

The 5 worst polluted areas in the country

GB Boroughs ranked by background NOx pollution : 2011 - 2010

• Using a GIS the gridded air pollution data was joined with census geographies representing boroughs - a fundamental GIS process.
• That data was then exported to a spreadsheet (this could be done in Python, including internally in ArcGIS)
• The mean NOx value by borough was calculated each year and the boroughs ranked each year
• The result is a simplification of some spatiotemporal data into a much easier to understand form
• The plot shows interestign artefacts of the scenarios
  • London boroughs remain the most polluted
  • There are significant improvements for boroughs with high levels of transport pollution (e.g. Lewisham)
  • Boroughs with airports and sea ports nearby clearly fall

Gridded Air Pollution

Gridded Air Pollution

The London Atmospheric Emissions inventory provide data on background air pollution on a 20 m grid 

Roadside air pollution

• DEFRA also provide estimates of roadside air pollution, estimated from traffic counts and emissions factors as well as measured pollution and dispersion modelling.
• This dataset was combined with data on schools to identify establishments within 150 m of roads exceeding the EU limit value of 40 µg/m3 of NO2.  
  • ​Used in the poisoned playgrounds campaign
• A GIS was used to calculate euclidean distances to all roads in the dataset
• Results presented in a web GIS

Case Studies :

Buildings

Estimating non domestic energy demand

• Building footprints from Ordnance Survey Mastermap
• Building heights from OS 
  • More data from e.g. Lidar
• Derive simple volume 
• Non domestic building use from OS Addressbase premium
• Assign to built form
• Handle multiple uses
• Energy intensity by use from academic research
• Energy demand  = floor area * intensity
• Simple method, but uses data that covers whole of GB and requires very little in model computation
• Significant imorvements are available thourgh better data, e.g. VOA, Metered data and Lidar
  • Massive increase in complexity
  • see simstock and 3d stock

Mastermap vs. Openstreetmap

LIDAR point cloud to building extrusion - UCL

Lidar data continued

There are LIDAR derived building height datasets available from EMU analytics, or the raw data from the environment agency

See website

Case Studies :

People

Gridded population data

• Datasets vary in scope and resolution and also in spatial referencing
• All are based on census data, redistributed to a grid
• Therefore represent evening domestic population
• Some datasets use ancillary data, e.g. nighttime lights or surveys of workplaces to improve representation
• Work to be done on day time population, therefore not the best option for all questions
• 1 km x 1 km longitudinal data for Europe available via geostat
• 1 km x 1 km data for GB via Centre for Ecology and Hydrology - same grid as air pollution, useful for modelling
• Global data available from multiple sources, the most popular is the Global Rural Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP).
  • 30 arc second grid, close to 1 km, but causes a grid mismatch with regional coordinate systems (see plot)

Population data

• Gridded population densities can be used in conjunction with projections of population for simulation models etc.
• Need to be careful of data artefacts in many cases due to calibration etc
• e.g. plot

Population data

Much of the analysis done on datasets which include geotagging is essentially population mapping, albeit at a potentially high temporal resolution, for example google location services

Here a Python mapping modules were used to show all of the location data my phone collected (before I turned it off, because it is creepy)

Case Studies :

Transport

Roads

• Department for Transport produce vehicle km data for major roads from measurements of Annual Average Daily flow
  • by vehicle type
  • by road
  • these can cut city boundaries, so a GIS is needed to estimate what proportion is in the city (see plot)
• Minor road data is not attributed to roads, but there are a subset of measurements which can be used
• See also, OS opendata for roads shapefiles and sub national road consumption statistics

Minor roads - Birmingham

Major roads - Birmingham

Rail

• Passenger km data are available from the Office for Rail Regulation (ORR), dis aggregated by operator
• The General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) provides data on route, stations, stops and operators
• The two data were joined
• A simplified rail network describing trips between stations by operator was created (see plot)
• The network was cliipped around cities and a proportion of the passenger km assigned to travel within the city boundaries
• The GIS provides the ability to make more reasonable assumptions on data allocation to different geographies.
• Freight data are available by operator from ORR, but GTFS aggregate these trips to a single code so assignment must be done on a land based proportion

Case Studies :

Mapping

Different ways of representing GIS data - Cartograms

• The size of the census area is adapted to represent the relative number of economy 7 meters
• Here this means that the different original size of the census areas are counteracted (less densely populated census geographies are usually bigger)

Aesthetically pleasing base Mapping: good options exist