Why Nations Fail Illustrated

Lecture 8

Origins of Extractive Institutions in

Southeast Asia & sub-Saharan Africa

November 27, 2018

Masayuki Kudamatsu

Chapter 9 and page 299

Today's Road Map

Dutch colonization of Southeast Asia

Slave trade in Africa

British colonization of South Africa

Today's Road Map

Dutch colonization of Southeast Asia

Slave trade in Africa

British colonization of South Africa

Southeast Asia in 14th-16th centuries

Prosperity with spice trade

All merchants across Southeast Asia come to Melaka

for selling spices to

from whom

Europeans buy spices

(e.g. Venice)

Image Source: Reid (2018)

Indians

Chinese

Arabs

Southeast Asia in 14th-16th centuries

City-states emerge, with absolutist kings

Ache

Banten

Brunei

Makassar

Melaka

Pegu

Kings engage in

spice trade

or grant monopolies

to spice traders

Image Source: Reid (2018)

Southeast Asia in 14th-16th centuries (cont.)

Example: Moluccas

Grown only in these islands:

Image Sources: Tripper.com / Wikimedia Commons

Cloves

Mace/Nutmeg

Southeast Asia in 14th-16th centuries (cont.)

Political & Economic Institutions in Moluccas

Ambon (produces cloves)

Centralized state

Citizens

owed tribute to king

subject to forced labor

Southeast Asia in 14th-16th centuries (cont.)

Political & Economic Institutions in Moluccas

Banda Islands

(produce nutmeg/mace)

Lack of political centralization

Each small town run by village meetings of citizens

cf. Somalia (Lecture 4)

Dutch colonization in 17th century

Force King of Ambon

to grant monopoly in cloves trade to Dutch

Militarily eliminate Portuguese & other traders

Force Kings of northern Moluccas

to abandon the production & trade of cloves in their territories

Dutch established their monopoly of cloves trade

economic institutions
Secure
for everyone
Property rights Insecure
for majority of people
Free Occupational
choice
Forced labor
Free Entry of new businesses Prevented by monopolies
Unbiased System of laws Biased for
the powerful/rich
Promoted Public service provision Discouraged

Economic Institutions

Inclusive

Extractive

Property rights

Secure for everyone

Insecure for

majority of people

Occupational choice

Free

Forced labor

Entry of

new businesses

Free

Prevented by

monopolies

System of laws

Unbiased

Biased for

the powerful / rich

Public service provision

Provided

Limited

That is...

Dutch colonization in 17th century (cont.)

Took over & intensified the "feudal system" of Ambon

Each household in Ambon:

Tied to land

Required to cultivate a certain number of clove trees

Obliged to deliver forced labor to Dutch

economic institutions
Secure
for everyone
Property rights Insecure
for majority of people
Free Occupational
choice
Forced labor
Free Entry of new businesses Prevented by monopolies
Unbiased System of laws Biased for
the powerful/rich
Promoted Public service provision Discouraged

Economic Institutions

Inclusive

Extractive

Property rights

Secure for everyone

Insecure for

majority of people

Occupational choice

Free

Forced labor

Entry of

new businesses

Free

Prevented by

monopolies

System of laws

Unbiased

Biased for

the powerful / rich

Public service provision

Provided

Limited

That is...

Dutch colonization in 17th century (cont.)

These strategies didn't work in Banda Islands

No political authority to grant monopoly to Dutch & enforce it

No system of tribute to take over for capturing entire supply of spice

Jan Pieterszoon Coen (Governor of Batavia)

came up with a solution in 1621:

Massacre almost entire population of 15,000

Image Source: Wikimedia Commons

Dutch colonization in 17th century (cont.)

A plantation society was then created in Banda Islands

68 Dutchmen

Learn how to grow nutmeg from a few surviving locals

Buy slaves for producing spices

Receive lands

Sell spices to Dutch merchants

economic institutions
Secure
for everyone
Property rights Insecure
for majority of people
Free Occupational
choice
Forced labor
Free Entry of new businesses Prevented by monopolies
Unbiased System of laws Biased for
the powerful/rich
Promoted Public service provision Discouraged

Economic Institutions

Inclusive

Extractive

Property rights

Secure for everyone

Insecure for

majority of people

Occupational choice

Free

Slavery

Entry of

new businesses

Free

Prevented by

monopolies

System of laws

Unbiased

Biased for

the powerful / rich

Public service provision

Provided

Limited

That is...

Consequences of Dutch colonization

Reduction in spice production

World supply of cloves/nutmeg 

by 60%

Price of nutmeg

by 100%

Several states abandon producing crops for export

Banten cut down

pepper trees in 1620

Maguindanao ruler bans

pepper/nutmeg production by late 17c

Extractive Economic Institutions

Economic Stagnation

Extractive Political Institutions

Extractive institutions lead to backwardness

Today's Road Map

Dutch colonization of Southeast Asia

Slave trade in Africa

British colonization of South Africa

Africa before 1500

Vibrant slave trade in East

Image Source: Wikimedia Commons

Many slaves:

transported through Saharan desert to Arabian Peninsula

Heavy use of slaves

for govt, army, farming 

Muslim North Africa

Followed by

Mali

Ghana

Songhai

Europeans expanded African slave trade

Sugar plantation in Caribbeans

since early 17c

Image Source:

slavevoyages.org

Demand for

African slaves 

Europeans expanded African slave trade (cont.)

16c

Trans-Saharan

# of slaves exported

Trans-Atlantic

300,000

1,350,000

6,000,000

550,000

550,000

700,000

17c

18c

Europeans expanded African slave trade (cont.)

Total # of slaves exported during 1400-1900

Exceeds population in 1400

for Ghana, Togo, Benin, Angola

Source: Map 15 of Why Nations Fail

Impacts of trans-Atlantic slave trade

Europeans

demand slaves

& sell weapons

Africans

wage wars

& sell war captives

180,000 per year to West Africa by 1730

283,000-394,000 per year from Britain in late 18c

# of guns imported

Amount of gunpowder imported

384,000 kg per year from Britain for 1750-1807

Institutional changes in Africa

Political centralization

Kingdom of Kongo (Lecture 2)

Oyo (Nigeria)

Dahomey (Benin)

Asante (Ghana) 

Slavery becomes the penalty for any crime 

Image Source: globalsecurity.org 

Impacts of trans-Atlantic slave trade (cont.)

Impacts of trans-Atlantic slave trade (cont.)

Population decline

22,000,000 - 25,000,000

46,000,000 - 53,000,000 w/o slave trade (estimated)

West & West-Central Africa in early 18c

8,000,000 slaves exported for 1700-1850

More must have died during warfare to capture slaves

End of Slave Trade

1807

British Parliament passed a bill to make slave trade illegal

1808

U.S. followed suit

1834

Slavery itself abolished

As a result of anti-slavery campaign

British navy actively enforced the ban in the Atlantic

Thanks to petitioning (Lecture 3)

Slaves simply redeployed to plantations for "legitimate crops"

Impact of the British ban on slave trade

Asante (in Ghana)

Settle slaves on plantations across Empire for:

Producing gold, kola nuts for export

Producing foods

Forcing them to work as porters

Dahomey (in Benin)

Palm oil plantations based on slave labor

near Whydah & Porto Novo

Image Source: Wikimedia Commons

% of population enslaved in 19th century

Over 50%

in Asante, Dahomey, Yoruba city-states (in Nigeria)

30% in western Sudan (Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad)

Image Source: Wikimedia Commons

economic institutions
Secure
for everyone
Property rights Insecure
for majority of people
Free Occupational
choice
Forced labor
Free Entry of new businesses Prevented by monopolies
Unbiased System of laws Biased for
the powerful/rich
Promoted Public service provision Discouraged

Economic Institutions

Inclusive

Extractive

Property rights

Secure for everyone

Insecure for

majority of people

Occupational choice

Free

Slavery

Entry of

new businesses

Free

Prevented by

monopolies

System of laws

Unbiased

Biased for

the powerful / rich

Public service provision

Provided

Limited

That is...

Slavery continued well into 20th century

Sierra Leone

Its capital city (Freetown) built for freed American slaves in late 18c

But slavery was abolished only in 1928

Liberia

founded for freed American slaves in 1840s

1/4 of workers: forced labor till 1960s

Today's Road Map

Dutch colonization of Southeast Asia

Slave trade in Africa

British colonization of South Africa

South Africa until 18th century

West:

sparsely populated with

Khoikhoi people

(hunter-gatherers)

East:

densely populated with

Xhosa people

(farmers)

Escaped from the slave trade

Communal ownership

Chiefs allocate land

19th-century South Africa

Temperate climate

free of tropical diseases

Discovery of

diamonds (1867) & gold (1886)

Demand for food & other agricultural products

Xhosa peoples adopt plows, wagons, irrigation

to increase production

# of Europeans settlers 

+

Traditional chiefs resist to the change

Oppose to division of land into private properties

Try to ban new crops, plows, irrigation, fences

Institutional changes in Xhosa society

Emergence of private property rights to land

People buy lands to cultivate and sell crops

38,000 acres in 1879

90,000 acres in 1882 (by 8,000 farmers)

Umzimkulu of Griqualand East in Transkei

Total areas of land purchased in

But they fail

England:

(relatively) Strong

Parliament

Spain:

(relatively) Weak

Parliament

Rise of Atlantic Trade

Merchant class emerged

Glorious Revolution of 1688

Crown monopolized trade

Absolutism persisted

(Lecture 4)

Similar to the path England took in 17th-century

cf. Lecture 7

But Europeans didn't like it...

Farmers want to drive Africans out of business

Mining companies want to impoverish Africans

1880-1910

British conquered the whole South Africa

to control diamond and gold mines

1910

Union of South Africa founded

To keep crop prices high

To keep miners' wages low

Native Land Act of 1913

87% of land given to Europeans (20% of population)

The rest became African "Homelands" (aka. Bantustans)

Source: Map 16 of Why Nations Fail

Native Land Act of 1913 (cont.)

Africans:

Evicted from their lands, taken over by Europeans

Homelands:

too small for Africans to earn a living

Africans: forced to supply their labor in the white economy

Economic Institutions after Native Land Act

Traditional chiefs' control over land: reaffirmed and strengthened

To remove private property in land from Africans

Not allowed to own property or start a business in European lands

Banned from any skilled job ("color bar")

Africans:

economic institutions
Secure
for everyone
Property rights Insecure
for majority of people
Free Occupational
choice
Forced labor
Free Entry of new businesses Prevented by monopolies
Unbiased System of laws Biased for
the powerful/rich
Promoted Public service provision Discouraged

Economic Institutions

Inclusive

Extractive

Property rights

Secure for everyone

Insecure for

majority of people

Occupational choice

Free

Limited

Entry of

new businesses

Free

Not allowed

in white lands

System of laws

Unbiased

Biased for

the powerful / rich

Public service provision

Provided

Limited

That is...

Political institutions in South Africa till 1994

Only whites could vote and run for office

Extractive Economic Institutions

Economic Stagnation

Extractive Political Institutions

Feedback loop of extractive institutions

Economic consequences of Native Land Act

Miners' wage compared to 1911 (before the Act) 

Lower by 30% in 1921

Still lower by 12% in 1961

Example: Transkei (former Homeland)

Image Source: Wikimedia Commons

Natal

Transkei

Dual Economy

Natal

Wealthy beachfront properties

Lush green sugarcane plantations

Transkei

Makeshift huts

Heavily deforested

Private property rights

Communal property in land

Powerful traditional chiefs

Functioning legal systems

Image Source: Tracks4Africa Blog

Extractive Economic Institutions

Economic Stagnation

Extractive Political Institutions

Extractive institutions lead to backwardness

Summary: Origins of extractive institutions

Banda Islands

South Africa

Imposed by Europeans

Strengthened directly or indirectly by Europeans

Ambon

Much of Africa due to trans-Atlantic slave trade (and its end)

Week Ten

Chapter 13

Weeks 8-10: Persistence of Extractive Institutions

Week Eight

Chapter 9

Week Nine

Chapter 12

Colonization of

Southeast Asia by

Europeans in 17c

Slave trade in

sub-Saharan

Africa

British colonization

of South Africa

in 19c

Guatemala

Sierra Leone 

Ethiopia

before/after

the 1974 coup

US South

before/after

American Civil War

Zimbabwe

Argentina

Colombia

North Korea

Uzbekistan

Next week

Your to-do list until next class

Read Chapter 12

and post questions on Prulu

1

2

3

Visualize the data

of the country of your choice (if you haven't)

Collect documents on the country of your choice

Politics through the Lens of Economics (2018): Lecture 8

By Masayuki Kudamatsu

Politics through the Lens of Economics (2018): Lecture 8

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