Syntactic Structures of Proverbs in Taiwan
Southern Min

林惠玲

  1. 足少人咧研究諺語的語法結構。
  2. 有研究表示,諺語佮普通口語有無仝的語法。
  3. 進前台灣話的諺語研究攏佇教育性質頂懸,這篇論文欲探討的是語言本身的表現。

論文研究動機

研究方法

實用台灣諺語典提語料,每十ê提頭兩ê分析,用三種原則分類語料:略去主要成分、非正式詞序、複雜的句型,會使分做六種句型:

Pattern I: subjectless clauses
Pattern II: objectless clauses
Pattern III: verbless clauses
Pattern IV: object-preposing clauses
Pattern V: topicalization clauses
Pattern VI: complex sentences

1. Subjectless clauses

50% of the data are without subjects (p. 8)

  • General: 細膩餓家己:no subjects in the context
  • Context(predicate): 食好鬥相報:has subject in the context but not a part of the proverb
  • Complex structure: 虎行路/也/會拄眠:two clauses, the omitted subject in the second clause refers to the subject in the first clause

*Subjectless clauses also very common in non-proverb clauses.

2. Objectless clauses

...only about 30 proverbs (4%) have objects omitted. The reference of the omitted object can often be inferred through s-selection of the transitive verb.

  • General: 加減趁(錢),卡袂散:趁s-selects money as its object
  • Context: 三暝三日講袂完:the omitted object occurs in the linguistic context
  • Complex structure: 欲食胡蠅/家己揜:the omitted object of the second clause may refer to the object of the first clause

口語漢語內底,無物件的情形是足捷出現的;毋閣佇諺語內底,這種情形足少。 (p. 11)

3. Verbless clauses

Verbless clauses are not common (p. 14)

  • 你鬼我閻羅:是(be)
  • 久長病,不孝子:造成(lead to)

動詞對決定一句話的意思足重要,所以有當時若動詞無去,意思可能會兩交含。

  • 生理錢,三十年;流汗錢,萬萬年:開?趁?

4. Object-preposing clauses

800个諺語內底,干焦80个有及物動詞的話有前置物件。 (p. 17)

毋閣,毋是諺語的話,尤其是口頭話,前置物件是足捷看著的。

  • Proverb: 王爺馬也敢騎(also subjectless)

5. Topicalization clauses

漢語通常攏予人認為是話題優先的語言。毋閣,諺語內底足少這種情形的。若用嚴格的標準來看(愛有base-generated topics),資料內底干焦4%是這類的結構;若用較冗的標準來看(將前置物件的句算入來),嘛增加到12%爾。 (p. 18)

  • Base-generated topic: 手巾雙頭澹

6. Complex sentences

About two hundred and seventy items (27%) contain subordinate clauses. About three hundred items (30%) contain coordinate clauses. (p. 19)

  • Subordinate clause: 人濟是非濟:人濟→是非濟
  • Coordinate clause: 正手入,倒手出:正-反

Different from non-proverbs, proverbs often contain coordinate clauses as in (20) because they are easier to memorize. The coordinate clauses in proverbs do not necessarily involve parallel structures. Under the consideration of rhyming.

  • 生贏雞酒芳,生輸四塊枋

Conclusion

  • When making comparison with non-proverbs, as a native speaker of TSM, the author relies on intuition to judge the commonness, not exact frequency, of each type of sentence pattern in non-proverbs.
  • 一般口語佮諺語所使用的結構較無仝。
  • 作者認為,若一句話欲短,閣愛有豐富的意思,就需要較複雜的結構才會使。

Syntactic Structures of Proverbs in Taiwan Southern Min

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Syntactic Structures of Proverbs in Taiwan Southern Min

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