Database!
Topics
- Normalization
- Queries and Indexes
- Advanced Topics
- Anti-Patterns
Normalization
n-normal Forms
- 1-NF First Normal Form
- 2NF Second Normal Form
- 3NF Third Normal Form
- BCNF Boyce-Codd Normal Form (3.5NF?)
- EKNF Elementary Key Normal Form
- 4NF Fourth Normal Form
- ETNF Essential Tuple Normal Form
- 5NF Fifth Normal Form
- DKNF Domain Key Normal Form
- 6NF Sixth Normal Form
First Normal Form
- Single Value
- Unique Types
- Unique Columns
Second Normal Form
- At 1NF
- Single Column Primary Key
Third Normal Form
- At 2NF
- No Transitive Dependency
Queries and Indexes
Relational Algebra
- Projection, Selection, Rename
- Joins
SQL 101
- SELECT, WHERE
- GROUP BY, HAVING
- INNER JOIN, LEFT/RIGHT JOIN
Indexes
- Types of Indexes
- When to use Indexes
- When not to use Indexes
Advanced Topics
Advanced SQL
- Subqueries
- Class Table Extensions
- Lateral Joins
- Window Functions
- Materialized Views
Class Table Extensions
WITH regional_sales AS (
SELECT region, SUM(amount) AS total_sales
FROM orders
GROUP BY region
), top_regions AS (
SELECT region
FROM regional_sales
WHERE total_sales > (SELECT SUM(total_sales)/10 FROM regional_sales)
)
SELECT region,
product,
SUM(quantity) AS product_units,
SUM(amount) AS product_sales
FROM orders
WHERE region IN (SELECT region FROM top_regions)
GROUP BY region, product;
Lateral Joins
SELECT user_id, first_order_time, next_order_time, id FROM
(SELECT
user_id,
min(created_at) AS first_order_time
FROM orders GROUP BY user_id) o1
LEFT JOIN LATERAL
(SELECT id, created_at AS next_order_time
FROM orders
WHERE user_id = o1.user_id AND created_at > o1.first_order_time
ORDER BY created_at ASC LIMIT 1)
o2 ON true;
Window Functions
SELECT sum(salary) OVER w, avg(salary) OVER w
FROM empsalary
WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY depname ORDER BY salary DESC);
Materialized Views
CREATE TABLE invoice (
invoice_no integer PRIMARY KEY,
seller_no integer, -- ID of salesperson
invoice_date date, -- date of sale
invoice_amt numeric(13,2) -- amount of sale
);
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW sales_summary AS
SELECT
seller_no,
invoice_date,
sum(invoice_amt)::numeric(13,2) as sales_amt
FROM invoice
WHERE invoice_date < CURRENT_DATE
GROUP BY
seller_no,
invoice_date
ORDER BY
seller_no,
invoice_date;
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX sales_summary_seller
ON sales_summary (seller_no, invoice_date);
Design Patterns
Use Cases
- Tree/Nested Structure
- Polymorphic Association
- Entity/Attribute Value
- Metaprogramming
- Full-text Search
- Extensions
Tree Nested Structure
- Adjacency Tree
- PathÂ
- MPTT
Polymorphic Association
- Content Table Pattern
- Single Table Inheritance
- Individual Tree
EAV
- Template Pattern
- Use Cases
- Pitfalls
Metaprogramming
- Information Schema
- Postgres Commands
- Explain/Analyze
Metaprogramming
select
(select cls.relname from pg_class cls where cls.oid = cnstr.conrelid) as tbl,
(select array_agg(attname) from pg_attribute
where
attrelid = cnstr.conrelid and ARRAY[attnum] <@ cnstr.conkey) as fk_col,
(select cls.relname from pg_class cls where cls.oid = cnstr.confrelid) as target
from pg_constraint cnstr
where
cnstr.confrelid = (select oid from pg_class where relname = 'auth_user');
select table_name
from information_schema.columns
where
column_name ilike '%name%' and
table_name not ilike 'pg_%';
Explain/Analyze
Extensions
- Full Text Search
- PostGIS
- Others (CIText, tablefunc)
Full-text Search
SELECT title
FROM pgweb
WHERE to_tsvector(title || ' ' || body) @@ to_tsquery('create & table')
ORDER BY last_mod_date DESC
LIMIT 10;
Pivot Table
SELECT *
FROM crosstab(
'SELECT
a date,
b.desc AS os,
(random() * 10000 + 1)::int AS value
FROM generate_series(
(now() - ''100 days''::interval)::date,
now()::date, ''1 DAY''::interval) a,
(SELECT unnest(ARRAY[''OSX'', ''Windows'', ''Linux'']) AS DESC) b
ORDER BY 1,2
','SELECT unnest(ARRAY[''OSX'', ''Windows'', ''Linux''])'
)
AS ct(date date, OSX int, Windows int, Linux int);
Database
By Mafinar Khan
Database
- 1,257