C++ Diving Deeper

Prateek Narang

Topics

Header Files
Preprocessor Directive
main()
Keywords & Identifiers
Comments
Namespaces

Hello World!

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;


int main(){
	// Your Code Goes Here
	cout <<"Hello World!";
	
    return 0;
}

Header files contain the set of predefined standard library functions & data type definitions. Include a header file in your program by including it with the preprocessing directive “#include”

Header File

#include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
#include<string>
...

The preprocessors are the directives, which give instructions to the compiler to preprocess some code before actual compilation starts.
The directive begins with '#'

The actual code is compiled by compiler only

Preprocessor Directive

#include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
#include<string>
...

#include
directive tells the compiler to include the header file in the source code.

#define
directive tells the compiler to create symbolic constants. The symbolic constant is called a macro

#include<iostream>
#define PI 3.14
int main(){
	//Area of Circle
 	int r = 5;
 	float area = PI*r*r;
	return 0;
}

iostream: iostream stands for standard input-output stream. This header file contains definitions of objects like cin, cout etc.

<iostream>

#include<iostream>
...

int main(){
	cout <<"Hello!";
}

The cout object in C++ is an object of class ostream. It is defined in iostream header file. It is used to display the output to the standard output device

cout

cout << "Hello!";

The cout object in C++ is an object of class ostream. It is defined in iostream header file. It is used to display the output to the standard output device. More than one variable can be printed using the insertion operator(<<) with cout

cout

String name = "Prateek";
cout << "Hello " << name ; // Hello Prateek

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;


int main(){

	// Your Code Goes Here
	String name = "Prateek";
	cout <<"Hello World!";
	cout << 5 << endl;
	cout <<"Hi " + name;
	
	return 0;
}

Keywords

Keywords are those words that have a special meaning for the Compiler.

These keywords cannot be used as an identifier.

int main(){
    int x = 10;
    
    if(x>5){
    	cout<<"yes";
    }
    
    return 0;
}

Example Keywords

There are a total of 95 reserved words in C++

auto    double  int struct
break   else    long    switch
case    enum    register    typedef
char    extern  return  union
const   float   short   unsigned
continue    for signed  void
default goto    sizeof  volatile
do  if  static  while

asm dynamic_cast    namespace   reinterpret_cast
bool    explicit    new static_cast
catch   false   operator    template
class   friend  private this
const_cast  inline  public  throw
delete  mutable protected   true
try typeid  typename    using
using   virtual wchar_t

💡Identify Keywords

Can you find keywords in the following program?

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main(){
    long x = 10;
    
    if(x>5){
    	cout<<"yes";
    }
    
    while(x<=100){
    	x = x+1;
    }
    
    return 0;
}

Identifiers

Both an identifier and a variable are the names allotted by users to a particular entity in a program.

The identifier is only used to identify an entity uniquely in a program at the time of execution whereas, a variable is a name given to a memory location, that is used to hold a value.

int factorial(int n){
	
    int ans = 1;
    for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){
    	ans = ans*i;
    }
    return ans;
}

Main Function

Every C/C++ Program Execution start with main()

There is exactly 1 main() function.

return 0 indicates successful program execution.

int main(){
    // Your Code goes here
        
    return 0;
}

Is main a keyword?

main is not a keyword in C/C++.
main is not predefined, but it is predeclared.

In C++, your code is linked against a small runtime library that constitutes the true starting point of your program.

It is this small library calls a function called main--it's hardcoded to do so.

Your code runs because you supply the code inside main, also called function definition.

int main(){
    // Your Code goes here
        
    return 0;
}

Comments

A comment is text that the compiler ignores but that is useful for programmers. Comments are normally used to annotate code for future reference.

A C++ comment can be single line or multi-line comment.

// Single Line Comment
int marks;

/* Multi-line
Comment */
int x = 10;

Summary

Keywords have special meaning for the compiler.
Header files include some pre-written code required to execute our program.
Program execution always starts with main()
{ } are used to enclose a block (function, if, while etc.}.
C++ Compiler Ignores whitespace (space, carriage returns, linefeeds, tabs, vertical tabs, etc.)
Output using cout
Input using cin
Comments (// & /*… */)
Every statement must end with a semicolon ;

[Topics 05] Diving Deeper

By Prateek Narang