Project: A Programming Language

為了練習寫程式語言，所以我們自己寫一個程式語言(X

Lecturer: 土豆

Note & TA: 丰嘉

大綱

  • 程式語言運作原理
  • 實作目標
  • Parsing
  • 實作 - if
  • 實作 - print
  • 實作 - operators
  • 實作 - do
  • 實作 - define
  • 實作 - while
  • 實作 - fun
  • 課後練習
  • 參考資料

測試環境

  • Windows 10
  • Node.js(13.3.0)

凡例

Egg_lan

JavaScript

do(define(x, 10),
   if(>(x, 5),
      print("large"),
      print("small")))
function skipSpace(string) {
    let first = string.search(/\S/);
    if (first == -1) return "";
    return string.slice(first);
}

今日程式碼

https://github.com/SIRLA-FJULIS/Egg_Lan

程式語言運作原理

?

編譯器

編譯器如何運作?

1. Lexing: 將程式碼拆解成Token(e.g. ==, +, -, if, while, x...)

while b ≠ 0
  if a > b
    a := a − b
  else
    b := b − a
return a

while

b

!=

0

if

a

>

b

...以下省略...

編譯器如何運作?

2. Parsing: 將Token轉換為parse tree

編譯器如何運作?

3. Optimization: 優化程式

4. 將parse tree轉換為machine code

創造一個程式語言
=
寫一個編譯器
=
寫一個幫你處理程式碼，並將其轉換為machine code的程式

實作目標

Egg語言

do(define(x, 10),
   if(>(x, 5),
      print("large"),
      print("small")))

寫一個程式，解析Egg語言，並輸出其結果

do(define(x, 10),
   if(>(x, 5),
      print("large"),
      print("small")))

Output:

"large"

本次實作程式

Egg interpreter

程式架構

  1. parsing: 解析egg程式碼，轉換為parse tree
  2. specialForms: 存放if、while、define等功能的物件
  3. topScope: 存放變數、operator、print的物件
  4. evaluate: 執行parse tree的function
  5. 執行程式

程式架構

// TODO Parsing

const specialForms = Object.create(null);

const topScope = Object.create(null);

// TODO evaluate

// run

Parsing

目標: parse tree

do(define(x, 10),
   if(>(x, 5),
      print("large"),
      print("small")))
{
  type: "apply",
  operator: {type: "word", name: ">"},
  args: [
    {type: "word", name: "x"},
    {type: "value", value: 5}
  ]
}

parseExpression

function parseExpression(program) {
    program = skipSpace(program);
    let match, expr;
    
    if (match = /^"([^"]*)"/.exec(program)) {
        expr = {type: "value", value: match[1]};
    } else if (match = /^\d+\b/.exec(program)) {
        expr = {type: "value", value: Number(match[0])};
    } else if (match = /^[^\s(),#"]+/.exec(program)) {
        expr = {type: "word", name: match[0]};
    } else {
        throw new SyntaxError("Unexpected syntax: " + program);
    }

    return parseApply(expr, program.slice(match[0].length));
}
  1. 跳過開頭多餘空白
  2. 篩選String、Number、Word
  3. 處理Application

parseExpression

function skipSpace(string) {
    let first = string.search(/\S/);
    if (first == -1) return "";
    return string.slice(first);
}

跳過開頭多餘空白

parseExpression

1. String:  /^"([^"]*)"/

2. Number:  /^\d+\b/

3. Word:  /^[^\s(),#"]+/

Regular Expression

parseApply

function parseApply(expr, program) {
    program = skipSpace(program);
    if (program[0] != "(") {
        return {expr: expr, rest: program};
    }

    program = skipSpace(program.slice(1));
    expr = {type: "apply", operator: expr, args: []};
    // 把括號裡面的東西都解析出來，直到括號結束為止
    while (program[0] != ")") {
        let arg = parseExpression(program);
        expr.args.push(arg.expr);
        program = skipSpace(arg.rest);
        if (program[0] == ",") {
            program = skipSpace(program.slice(1));
        } else if (program[0] != ")") {
            throw new SyntaxError("Expected ',' or ')'");
        }
    }

    // 再解析一遍，看看後面沒有別的括號
    return parseApply(expr, program.slice(1));
}

parseApply

  1. 如果開頭不是左括號，就不處理它
  2. 解析括號內的東西，直到右括號為止
    1. 用parseExpression解析出參數
  3. 再解析一遍，確認後面有沒有別的括號

跑跑看

function parse(program) {
    let {expr, rest} = parseExpression(program);
    if (skipSpace(rest).length > 0) {
        throw new SyntaxError("Unexpected text after program");
    }
    return expr;
}

console.log(parse("+(a, 10)"));
/*
{type: "apply",
   operator: {type: "word", name: "+"},
   args: [{type: "word", name: "a"},
          {type: "value", value: 10}]}
*/

用腦袋跑跑看

// e.g.

parse("+(a, 10)")

parseExpression("+(a, 10)")

parseApply({type: "word", name: "+"}, "(a, 10)")
expr = {
  type: "apply",
  operator: {type: "word", name: "+"},
  args: []
}

parseExpression(...)
expr = {
  ...             
}

...

把每個function call的參數，還有expr的變化寫出來

用腦袋跑跑看

expr = {
  type: "apply",
  operator: {type: "word", name: "+"},
  args: []
}

+(a, 10)

(a, 10)

a, 10)

10)

{type: "word", name: "+"}
expr = {
  type: "apply",
  operator: {type: "word", name: "+"},
  args: [{type: "word", name: "a"}]
}
expr = {
  type: "apply",
  operator: {type: "word", name: "+"},
  args: [{type: "word", name: "a"},
         {type: "value", value: 10}]
}

實作 - if

if(true, true, false)

完整程式碼

https://github.com/SIRLA-FJULIS/Egg_Lan/blob/master/step1.js

evaluate

function evaluate(expr, scope) {
    if (expr.type == "value") {
        return expr.value;
    } else if (expr.type == "word") {
        if (expr.name in scope) {
            return scope[expr.name];
        } else {
            throw new ReferenceError(`Undefined binding: ${expr.name}`);
        }
    } else if (expr.type == "apply") {
        let {operator, args} = expr;
        if (operator.type == "word" &&
            operator.name in specialForms) {
            return specialForms[operator.name](expr.args, scope);
        } else {
            let op = evaluate(operator, scope);
            if (typeof op == "function") {
                return op(...args.map(arg => evaluate(arg, scope)));
            } else {
                throw new TypeError("Applying a non-function.");
            }
        }
    }
}

evaluate

  1. 如果是value就直接回傳value的值
  2. 如果是word，在scope中尋找符合的結果
  3. 如果是apply
    1. 如果type是word，而且operator是合法的
      1. 執行特定動作
    2. 如果是function則執行function，否則跳error

specialForms.if

specialForms.if = (args, scope) => {
    if (args.length != 3) {
        throw new SyntaxError("Wrong number of args to if");
    } else if (evaluate(args[0], scope) !== false) {
        return evaluate(args[1], scope);
    } else {
        return evaluate(args[2], scope);
    }
}

定義if

topScope

topScope.true = true;
topScope.false = false;

定義true、false

執行

let prag = parse(`if(false, false, true)`);

/*
{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: 'if' },
  args: [
    { type: 'word', name: 'false' },
    { type: 'word', name: 'false' },
    { type: 'word', name: 'true' }
  ]
}
/*

先取得parse tree

console.log(evaluate(prag, topScope));

evaluate運算

實作 - print

if(false, print("It's true!"), print("It's false!"))

完整程式碼

https://github.com/SIRLA-FJULIS/Egg_Lan/blob/master/step2.js

topScope加上這段就行

topScope.print = value => {
    console.log(value);
    return value;
}

執行

let prag = parse(`if(false, print("It's true!"), print("It's false!"))`);
/*
{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: 'if' },
  args: [
    { type: 'word', name: 'false' },
    { type: 'apply', operator: [Object], args: [Array] },
    { type: 'apply', operator: [Object], args: [Array] }
  ]
}

args[1]
{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: 'print' },
  args: [ { type: 'value', value: "It's true!" } ]
}

args[2]
{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: 'print' },
  args: [ { type: 'value', value: "It's false!" } ]
}
*/

先取得parse tree

執行

// 因為有print了，就不用console.log
evaluate(prag, topScope);

evaluate運算

執行

// -------------Add run-------------------
function run(program) {
    let parse_tree = parse(program);
    return evaluate(parse_tree, Object.create(topScope));
}
// ------------------------------------------

run(`if(false, print("It's true!"), print("It's false!"))`); // Modify this

把執行流程寫成function

實作 - operators

print(+(1, 2))

https://github.com/SIRLA-FJULIS/Egg_Lan/blob/master/step3.js

完整程式碼

topScope

for (let op of ["+", "-", "*", "/", "==", "<", ">"]) {
    topScope[op] = Function("a, b", `return a ${op} b;`)
}

定義operators

Function物件可產生動態function

parse tree

{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: 'print' },
  args: [ 
    { type: 'apply', 
      operator: { type: 'word', name: '+' }, 
      args: [ { type: 'value', value: 1 }, 
              { type: 'value', value: 2 } ] 
    } 
  ]
}

evaluate

function evaluate(expr, scope) {
    if (expr.type == "value") {
        return expr.value;
    } else if (expr.type == "word") {
        if (expr.name in scope) {
            return scope[expr.name];
        } else {
            throw new ReferenceError(`Undefined binding: ${expr.name}`);
        }
    } else if (expr.type == "apply") {
        let {operator, args} = expr;
        if (operator.type == "word" &&
            operator.name in specialForms) {
            return specialForms[operator.name](expr.args, scope);
        } else {
            let op = evaluate(operator, scope);
            if (typeof op == "function") {
                return op(...args.map(arg => evaluate(arg, scope)));
            } else {
                throw new TypeError("Applying a non-function.");
            }
        }
    }
}
{ type: 'apply', 
  operator: { type: 'word', name: '+' }, 
    args: [ { type: 'value', value: 1 }, 
           { type: 'value', value: 2 } ] 
}

實作 - do

do(print(+(1, 2)),
   print(==(2, 2)),
   print(-(3, 2))
)

https://github.com/SIRLA-FJULIS/Egg_Lan/blob/master/step4.js

完整程式碼

parse tree

{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: 'do' },
  args: [
    { type: 'apply', operator: [Object], args: [Array] },
    { type: 'apply', operator: [Object], args: [Array] },
    { type: 'apply', operator: [Object], args: [Array] }
  ]
}

args[0]
{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: 'print' },
  args: [ { type: 'apply', 
            operator: { type: 'word', name: '+' }, 
            args: [ { type: 'value', value: 1 }, 
                    { type: 'value', value: 2 } ] 
          } ]
}

args[1]
{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: 'print' },
  args: [ { type: 'apply', 
            operator: { type: 'word', name: '==' }, 
            args: [ { type: 'value', value: 2 }, 
                    { type: 'value', value: 2 } ] 
          } ]
}

args[2]
{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: 'print' },
  args: [ { type: 'apply', 
            operator: { type: 'word', name: '-' }, 
            args: [ { type: 'value', value: 3 },
                    { type: 'value', value: 2 } ] 
          } ]
}

specialForms.do

specialForms.do = (args, scope) => {
    let value = false;
    for (let arg of args) {
        value = evaluate(arg, scope);
    }
    return value;
};

加上這段

specialForms.do

specialForms.do = (args, scope) => {
    let value = false;
    for (let arg of args) {
        value = evaluate(arg, scope);
    }
    return value;
};
{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: 'do' },
  args: [
    { type: 'apply', operator: [Object], args: [Array] },
    { type: 'apply', operator: [Object], args: [Array] },
    { type: 'apply', operator: [Object], args: [Array] }
  ]
}

實作 - define

do(define(x, 10),
   if(>(x, 5), 
      print("x is greater then 5"),
      print("x is smaller then 5") 
   )
)

https://github.com/SIRLA-FJULIS/Egg_Lan/blob/master/step5.js

完整程式碼

{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: 'define' },
  args: [ { type: 'word', name: 'x' }, { type: 'value', value: 10 } ]
}

parse tree

specialForms.define = (args, scope) => {
    if (args.length != 2 || args[0].type != "word") {
        throw new SyntaxError("Incorrect use of define");
    }
    let value = evaluate(args[1], scope);
    scope[args[0].name] = value;
    return value;
};

specialForms.define

{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: 'define' },
  args: [ { type: 'word', name: 'x' }, { type: 'value', value: 10 } ]
}

實作 - while

do(define(x, 0),
   while(<(x, 10),
      do(define(x, +(x, 1)),
         print(x)
      )
   )
)

https://github.com/SIRLA-FJULIS/Egg_Lan/blob/master/step6.js

完整程式碼

{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: 'while' },
  args: [
    { type: 'apply', operator: [Object], args: [Array] },
    { type: 'apply', operator: [Object], args: [Array] }
  ]
}

args[0]
{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: '<' },
  args: [ { type: 'word', name: 'x' }, 
          { type: 'value', value: 10 } ]
}

args[1]
{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: 'do' },
  args: [
    { type: 'apply', operator: [Object], args: [Array] },
    { type: 'apply', operator: [Object], args: [Array] }
  ]
}

parse tree

specialForms.while = (args, scope) => {
    if (args.length != 2) {
        throw new SyntaxError("Wrong number of args to while");
    }
    while (evaluate(args[0], scope) !== false) {
        evaluate(args[1], scope);
    }

    return false;
};

specialForms.while

實作 - fun

do(define(plusOne, fun(a, +(a, 1))),
   print(plusOne(10)))

最終階段:

https://github.com/SIRLA-FJULIS/Egg_Lan/blob/master/egg_lan.js

完整程式碼

parse tree

{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: 'fun' },
  args: [
    { type: 'word', name: 'a' },
    { type: 'apply', operator: [Object], args: [Array] }
  ]
}

specialForms.fun

specialForms.fun = (args, scope) => {
    if (!args.length) {
        throw new SyntaxError("Functions need a body");
    }
    let body = args[args.length - 1];
    let params = args.slice(0, args.length - 1).map(expr => {
        if (expr.type != "word") {
            throw new SyntaxError("Parameter names must be words");
        }
        return expr.name;
    });

    return function() {
        if (arguments.length != params.length) {
            throw new TypeError("Wrong number of arguments");
        }
        let localScope = Object.create(scope);
        for (let i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
            localScope[params[i]] = arguments[i];
        }
        return evaluate(body, localScope);
    };
};

specialForms.fun

specialForms.fun = (args, scope) => {
    if (!args.length) {
        throw new SyntaxError("Functions need a body");
    }
    let body = args[args.length - 1];
    let params = args.slice(0, args.length - 1).map(expr => {
        if (expr.type != "word") {
            throw new SyntaxError("Parameter names must be words");
        }
        return expr.name;
    });

    // return ...
};
{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: 'fun' },
  args: [
    { type: 'word', name: 'a' },
    { type: 'apply', operator: [Object], args: [Array] }
  ]
}

specialForms.fun

specialForms.fun = (args, scope) => {
    // ...

    return function() {
        if (arguments.length != params.length) {
            throw new TypeError("Wrong number of arguments");
        }
        let localScope = Object.create(scope);
        for (let i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
            localScope[params[i]] = arguments[i];
        }
        return evaluate(body, localScope);
    };
};
{
  type: 'apply',
  operator: { type: 'word', name: 'fun' },
  args: [
    { type: 'word', name: 'a' },
    { type: 'apply', operator: [Object], args: [Array] }
  ]
}

global

true

false

opt

if

local

 a 

課後練習

實作Array

// Modify these definitions...

topScope.array = "...";

topScope.length = "...";

topScope.element = "...";

run(`
do(define(sum, fun(array,
     do(define(i, 0),
        define(sum, 0),
        while(<(i, length(array)),
          do(define(sum, +(sum, element(array, i))),
             define(i, +(i, 1)))),
        sum))),
   print(sum(array(1, 2, 3))))
`);
// → 6

實作Comments

// This is the old skipSpace. Modify it...
function skipSpace(string) {
  let first = string.search(/\S/);
  if (first == -1) return "";
  return string.slice(first);
}

console.log(parse("# hello\nx"));
// → {type: "word", name: "x"}

console.log(parse("a # one\n   # two\n()"));
// → {type: "apply",
//    operator: {type: "word", name: "a"},
//    args: []}

參考資料

1. Project: A Programming Language. Eloquent JavaScript. 2019/12/14 from: https://eloquentjavascript.net/12_language.html

2. How Does A Compiler Work? [closed]. stackexchange. 2019/12/14 from: https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/118586/how-does-a-compiler-work

3. Abstract syntax tree. Wikipedia. 2019/12/14 from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree

4. Programming language. Wikipedia. 2019/12/14 from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language

kám-siā

Project: A Programming Language

By Sam Yang

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