I ate pizza with a fork.

I ate pizza with pepperoni.

I ate pizza with Bob.

(This example was given by
Doug Lenat of the "CYC" Project.)

Photo: William Widmer

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Part 1/4: The 3 meanings

  I ate pizza with pepperoni.

To teach this kind of stuff to the computer,
we are actually going to program... IN ENGLISH!!

    => I used a fork to eat pizza.

(of our natural-language program)

(Yup. We explain one example to the computer
in order to have it solve another one.)

Part 1/4

The {brackets} are
just some "lubrication" for the parser.

    => {I ate pizza} and
       {the pizza had pepperoni on it}.

    I ate pizza with Bob.

  I ate pizza with a fork.

  I used a fork to eat pizza.

    => Bob is a person.  

    => A fork is a tool.

    => Pepperoni is edible.

Any objections...? :)

    => I used a fork.

  I used a fork.

  The pizza had pepperoni on it.

  Bob was with me.

$A.

{I ate pizza} and
{the pizza had pepperoni on it}.

( This is for lines like:

)

$A and $B. =>

$B.

$A and $B. =>

"$X"
= really generic  
placeholder

  Mom is edible. => fail
  Mom is a tool. => fail
  anchovis are a tool. => fail
  anchovis are a person. => fail
  ducks are a tool. => fail
  ducks are a person. => fail
  my hands are edible. => fail
  my hands are a person. => fail

We're introducing some new objects. Remember—the system knows nothing about the world yet.

...and that's our whole program!!

Now Gazelle will perform analogy reasoning using the statements we gave.

  I ate pizza with mom.
  I ate pizza with anchovis.
  I ate pizza with ducks.
  I ate pizza with my hands.

I ate pizza and mom was with me.
I ate pizza and the pizza had anchovis on it.
I ate pizza and the pizza had ducks on it.
I used my hands to eat pizza.

...which will convince it to print:

Incredulous? Here's a link to the actual Java program.

and give it the new input:

Doug Lenat's language "CycL" (see slide 2) represents knowledge like this:

(CYC-ASSERT (#$ist #$LillySelfMt (#$isa #$LillySelf #$Individual)) :ID L6)

(CYC-ASSERT (#$ist #$EnglishMt (#$prettyString-Canonical #$LillySelf "Lilly")) :ID L7)

Gazelle, OTOH, can be trained—as you saw—using plain English.

These are called skolemized normal forms. And I just listed some simple ones. You confused? Yeah, me too.

CYC had hired a dozen or so trained experts to enter knowledge using this special language.

Maybe that means Gazelle is a step forward?