Making images fly on
WordPress with Image CDNs

Alistair Shepherd - Front-End Developer

SeriesEight

Images on the web

<img
  src="/our-image.jpg"
  alt="our image"
>

Images change size depending on screen width

HTML Responsive Images

<img
     src="/wp-content/uploads/our-image.jpg"
     srcset="
             /wp-content/uploads/our-image-300x200.jpg 300w,
             /wp-content/uploads/our-image-768x512.jpg 768w,
             /wp-content/uploads/our-image-1024x683.jpg 1024w,
             /wp-content/uploads/our-image-1536x1024.jpg 1536w
     "
     sizes="(min-width: 800px) 768px, 100vw"
     ...
 >

Optimisation and Image Format

Size
Source JPEG 300kB
Optimised JPEG 60kB
WebP 🙂 36kB
AVIF * 😀 28kB
JPEG XL * 😍 24kB
Size Chrome Firefox Safari
Source JPEG 300kB yes yes yes
Optimised JPEG 60kB yes yes yes
WebP 🙂 36kB yes yes recent
AVIF * 😀 28kB yes recent no
JPEG XL * 😍 24kB no no no
Size
Source JPEG 300kB
Optimised JPEG 60kB
WebP 🙂 36kB
AVIF * 😀 28kB
JPEG XL * 😍 24kB

Optimisation and Image Format

Hi DPI displays

<picture>
    <source 
      media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5)"
      srcset="https://example.com/images/our-image_width1200_quality40.jpg 1200w"
      sizes="...">
    <img
      srcset="https://example.com/images/our-image_width600_quality80.jpg 600w"
      sizes="..."
      alt="">
</picture>

iPhone 12 Pro (right) screen:

  • Screen width: 1170 pixels
  • 'Viewport' width: 390 pixels
  • Device Pixel Ratio of 3

The browser could decide to load an image with resolution 3x larger than it's displayed - 9x increase in file size!!!

We can mitigate increase in file size by increasing the image compression without visible effect.

Lazy Loading and Decoding

  • "loading" attribute set to "lazy" or "eager" depending on position on page
  • decoding="async" when images shouldn't delay text rendering
<img
    loading="lazy"
    decoding="async"
 >
<picture>
  <source
      type="image/avif"
      media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5)"
      srcset="/assets/image/otter-300-q40.avif 300w, /assets/image/otter-450-q40.avif 450w, /assets/image/otter-600-q40.avif 600w,
              /assets/image/otter-800-q40.avif 800w, /assets/image/otter-1000-q40.avif 1000w, /assets/image/otter-1200-q40.avif 1200"
      sizes="(min-width: 87rem) 40rem, (min-width: 768px) calc(50vw - 4rem), calc(100vw - 2rem)">
  <source
      type="image/avif"
      srcset="/assets/image/otter-300-q80.avif 300w, /assets/image/otter-450-q80.avif 450w, /assets/image/otter-600-q80.avif 600w,
              /assets/image/otter-800-q80.avif 800w, /assets/image/otter-1000-q80.avif 1000w, /assets/image/otter-1200-q80.avif 1200"
      sizes="(min-width: 87rem) 40rem, (min-width: 768px) calc(50vw - 4rem), calc(100vw - 2rem)">
  <source
      type="image/webp"
      media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5)"
      srcset="/assets/image/otter-300-q40.webp 300w, /assets/image/otter-450-q40.webp 450w, /assets/image/otter-600-q40.webp 600w,
              /assets/image/otter-800-q40.webp 800w, /assets/image/otter-1000-q40.webp 1000w, /assets/image/otter-1200-q40.webp 1200"
      sizes="(min-width: 87rem) 40rem, (min-width: 768px) calc(50vw - 4rem), calc(100vw - 2rem)">
  <source
      type="image/webp"
      srcset="/assets/image/otter-300-q80.webp 300w, /assets/image/otter-450-q80.webp 450w, /assets/image/otter-600-q80.webp 600w,
              /assets/image/otter-800-q80.webp 800w, /assets/image/otter-1000-q80.webp 1000w, /assets/image/otter-1200-q80.webp 1200"
      sizes="(min-width: 87rem) 40rem, (min-width: 768px) calc(50vw - 4rem), calc(100vw - 2rem)">
  <source
      media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5)"
      srcset="/assets/image/otter-300-q40.jpg 300w, /assets/image/otter-450-q40.jpg 450w, /assets/image/otter-600-q40.jpg 600w,
              /assets/image/otter-800-q40.jpg 800w, /assets/image/otter-1000-q40.jpg 1000w, /assets/image/otter-1200-q40.jpg 1200"
      sizes="(min-width: 87rem) 40rem, (min-width: 768px) calc(50vw - 4rem), calc(100vw - 2rem)">
  <img
      alt="otter standing on a log looking out majestically"
      src="/assets/image/otter-1200-q80.jpg"
      srcset="/assets/image/otter-300-q80.jpg 300w, /assets/image/otter-450-q80.jpg 450w,
              /assets/image/otter-600-q80.jpg 600w, /assets/image/otter-800-q80.jpg 800w,
              /assets/image/otter-1000-q80.jpg 1000w, /assets/image/otter-1200-q80.jpg 1200"
      sizes="(min-width: 87rem) 40rem, (min-width: 768px) calc(50vw - 4rem), calc(100vw - 2rem)"
      width="1200"
      height="784"
      loading="lazy"
      decoding="async"
  >
</picture>

That's a lot going on!

Image processing wishlist

  • Convert to several different formats, update to support new ones like AVIF and JPEG XL for browsers that support them
  • Resize images to many different sizes for responsive devices
  • Handle differing quality levels depending on density
  • Bonus: Perform quality analysis comparing image sizes between different formats
  • Optimise images and compress where possible

To display a few images on a webpage!

Images on WordPress

WordPress image sizes

  • Thumbnail: Crop to 150 x 150 px
  • Medium: Fit within 300 x 300 px
  • Large: Fit within 1024 x 1024 px 
  • Full: original uploaded size

WordPress wishlist

  • Convert to several different formats, update to support new ones like AVIF and JPEG XL
  • Resize images to many different sizes
  • Handle differing quality levels depending on density
  • Bonus: Perform quality analysis comparing image sizes between different formats
  • Optimise images and compress where possible

Bespoke theme development

<?php
add_image_size('image-size-name', 1000, 600, true);

Applies to all images, not just those that need it!

Plugins to help

  • Conversion: WebP Express, Imagify, AVIF?
  • Resizing: many different plugins
  • Quality levels: can't find any
  • Quality analysis: definitely not
  • Optimisation: Resmush.it, EWWW, Shortpixel, WP Smush

HTTP Archive data

Source and image credit:

HTTP Archive Web Almanac, 2021 - CMS Chapter

WordPress image issues in the wild

  • Fresh redesign and rebuild as a bespoke WordPress Theme
  • Very visual featuring lots of images
  • Was in a reasonably rural area so we wanted to ensure performance was very good
  • Around 15 different services
  • Up to 20-30 pictures of products for each service
  • Hundreds of high-quality images

Implemented with WordPress

  • Used WebP Express for WebP conversion, it worked but
    wasn't ideal
  • Added many custom image sizes with add_image_size()
  • Handle differing quality levels depending on density
  • Bonus: Perform quality analysis comparing image sizes between different formats
  • Used Resmush.it for image optimisation

Results

  • Created a lot of additional costs of servers, services and storage
  • Degraded WordPress editor experience
  • Created technical debt
  • In the end we removed a lot of it to make maintenance easier and the editing experience better
  • At first it was okay, improved performance slightly

Image
CDNs to
the rescue

What is an Image CDN?

  • Content Delivery Network (CDN) specialising in image processing
  • Sits between the web server of your site and the user, 'transforming' images on the fly by changing image URLs
  • Third-party services selling solutions to make dev experience of working with images easier and improving performance

and many more

Web Server

HTML

CSS

JS

Images

Images

User's browser

Optimised

Source

Web Server

User's browser

HTML

CSS

JS

Images

Images

Web Server

Optimised

Source

Web Server

User's browser

HTML

CSS

JS

Images

Images

Media Storage

How do we use them?

https://example.imagecdn.com

Start with our image
CDN domain

https://example.imagecdn.com

/https://oursite.com/wp-content/uploads

/example.jpg

Add the URL to our
source image

https://example.imagecdn.com

/example.jpg

Many CDN providers allow
you to make presets/aliases

https://example.imagecdn.com

/example.jpg

?w=600&h=400

Add parameters to

'transform' the image

https://example.imagecdn.com/fetch

/example.jpg

/w_600,h_400

Different CDNs have different formats,
but work on the same concepts

  • Handled separately from your main site 
  • Managed by image experts
  • Automatic format detection
.../w_300,h_600,c_thumb,g_auto/...

Tall banner with automatic gravity

.../w_1000,h_400,c_fill,g_north,
    e_colorize:30,co_rgb:dd14d1/...

Wide banner anchored to top, coloured pink

Implementing
Image CDNs

Changing Image URLs

(simplest)

Changing the setting upload_url_path within database table  wp_options will change the image domain, allowing you to set it to your image cdn

Offload to cloud storage

You could also move your uploads to cloud storage which has benefits:

  • reliability of storage;
  • making local development easier;
  • reducing server load;
  • makes moving website easier.

Check out the plugins:

  • WP Offload Media
  • Humanmade S3 Uploads

Image CDN Plugin

(easiest)

Depending on Image CDN provider there are likely both official and unofficial plugins that make integration very easy and might give lots of bonus features

Image courtesy of Cloudinary WordPress plugin

Custom Theme Markup

(best performance)

<?php
echo image( [
  'image'   => get_field('image'),
  'srcset'  => [300, 450, 600, 800, 1000, 1200],
  'sizes'   => '100vw',
  'loading' => 'lazy'
  'class'   => 'image-class'
] );

accud.io/imagecdn-acf

Image CDNs make all images easy - not just for WordPress!

Moving to using an Image CDN

What we did

  • Used the CloudImage Image CDN
  • Set up a custom code solution with ACF like the previous example
  • Removed custom WordPress image sizes and WebP conversion

Lighthouse performance score improved by ~25

Increased speed of development

Significantly reduced server load and costs

No free lunch!

Cost

  • As an external service, there is a cost implication
  • Many have a generous free tier, small site might not cost anything
  • Larger sites will cost, pricing model depends on the provider
  • Unless you have hundreds of thousands of images, likely cheaper than developers maintaining image processing or faffing with plugins
  • Can be offset by reduced server load and storage requirements 
  • Disable CDN for local development
     
  • Offload images to cloud storage


     
  • Push images to your site when needed

Local dev

For very high performing sites different origin has an impact

Solution for nginx

location /cdn/ {
  proxy_pass https://example.imagecdn.com/;
}

The scores are in...

Improve the performance of images on your websites

Make working with images easier during development

Reduce server requirements

Try an Image CDN in your next project!

Thank You!

These slides, my sources and helpful links on image CDNs available at    accud.io/wordpress-imagecdns

On twitter and most social media    @accudio

My website and blog posts    alistairshepherd.uk

Making images fly on WordPress with Image CDNs

By Alistair Shepherd

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Making images fly on WordPress with Image CDNs

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