• There were questions about coding. Python preferred MATLAB supported. Other languages are up to you to work with.
  • I'll start Tuesday with a quick tutorial of using the preferred style for homeworks (Jupyter notebooks)
• Question about prereq neuroscience background: Less the better then I look smarter :P
• Texts: None required but I'll upload some* to Canvas today
  • Principles of Neuroscience - Eric Kandel (bowtie!)*
  • Pattern Recognition & Machine Learning - Christopher Bishop*
  • Neuroscience - Purves (undergrad intro read. good figures)

• Travel: SfN Nov 12-16. One Tuesday lecture missed. Maybe guest lecturer or HW session
• Homework deadlines -- forgot to mention this on Tuesday
  • I'm not a fan of hard deadlines. Hard deadlines support a get it done quickly culture as opposed to facilitate making mistakes & learning! Deadlines will be provided but it is acceptable up to a week later for full credit. Take time, ask for help you want to or need to ask! HOWEVER, if you cannot meet the posted deadline and need more time email me and let me know...especially if you're struggling with the assignment! I want to help!

• For me todo:
  • Updated course website (this wkend)
  • Send out poll for office hours
  • Remember to record lecture
• Anything else I'm missing?

• Introduction to Neuroscience

  • Ch 1: The brain and behavior - TODAY!

  • Ch 2: Nerve cells and behavior

• How are neural signals  generated?

  • Ch 7: Membrane potential

  • Ch 9: Propagated Signaling: the action potential

• How do neurons communicate with each other?

  • Ch 10: Overview of synaptic transmission

  • Ch12: Synaptic integration

• Neuroscience - understand mental processes underlying perception, action, learning & memories. From the molecular level to decision making.
• Human brain: highly-interconnected network of ~100 billion individual neurons (nerve cells). Spinal cord, enteric, peripheral nervous system are also important.
  • Gut is known as the second brain. 
    • Hearken back to the pharmacological joke with Limitless and Bart Simpson in the last lecture. Emotions and "gut feelings"

• Historical controversies
  • Are mental processes localized in the brain or are they distributed? 
  • What is the relationship between anatomy, physiology & function?
  • Should we study regions as a whole or individual cells?
  • Are mental processes hard wired?
  • How does genetics affect the brain?
  • How does experience alter brain processing of subsequent events?

CNS is bilateral and symmetrical.
CNS has 7 major parts:
1) skin, joints, muscles of limbs / trunk
2) breathing, heart rate
3) movement: (also 4-7)
4) learning motor skills
5) sensory, motor (eye movements, visual/auditory reflexes)
6) info/autonomic gate keeper
7) higher brain funvtions: sensory, motor, memory, emotion 

Also there’s the “peripheral nervous system” & gut!

• Brain operations responsible for our  cognitive abilities occur in the cerebral cortex.
• Cerebral cortex – “furrowed gray matter” covering the two cerebral hemispheres.
• Folds increase surface area:
  • gyri (crests) and sulci (grooves)
• Four anatomically distinct lobes:
  • Frontal – planning future action and the control of movement
  • Parietal – somatic sensation
  • Temporal – hearing, learning, memory and emotion
  • Occipital – vision

Anterior (front)      Posterior (back)

• Each hemisphere is concerned primarily with sensory and motor processing of the contralateral (opposite) side of the body.
  • E.g., electrically stimulate right motor cortex -> left arm movement (Fritsch & Hitzig, 1870s).

• The hemispheres are similar in appearance, but are not completely symmetrical in structure or in function.
  • E.g., language centers in left hemisphere (aphasia patients, Broca, 1860s).

• Brodmann (~1900) distinguished functional areas of the cortex based on variations in the structure of cells and in the arrangement of these cells into layers.

• 52 anatomically and functionally distinct areas in human cerebral cortex.

• Still widely used today (e.g., motor cortex is area 4).

Stroop effect

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/java/ready.html

• Annese et al. Nat Comm 2014 - H.M.'s left hippocampus largely in tact
• Schapiro et al. Hippocampus,  2019 - non-hippocampal motor learning tasks use the hippocampus for consolidation