iv = 10   # 將整數 10 指派給變數 iv
fv = 12.3 # 將浮點數 12.3 指派給變數 fv
sv = 'hello python' # 將字串 'hello python' 指派給變數 sv
bv = True # 將布林值 True 指派給變數 bv

print('iv :', iv, '; fv :',  fv, '; sv :', sv, '; bv :', bv)
print(type(iv)) # type(iv)會得到 iv 的形態 ==> int
print(type(fv)) # type(fv)會得到 fv 的形態 ==> float
print(type(sv)) # type(sv)會得到 sv 的形態 ==> str
print(type(bv)) # type(bv)會得到 bv 的形態 ==> bool

iv : 10 ; fv : 12.3 ; sv : hello python ; bv : True
<class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'str'>
<class 'bool'>

str1 = '12345'       # 用 '...' 宣告字串 str1
str2 = "hello world" # 用 "..." 宣告字串 str2
print(f"str1 is {str1} {type(str1)}") # 印出 str1 的內容與型態 
print(f"str2 is {str2} {type(str2)}") # 印出 str2 的內容與型態

str1 is 12345 <class 'str'>
str2 is hello world <class 'str'>

' I'm learning Python! ' # 用 '...' 宣告的字串有 '

File "<ipython-input-36-f8fc62258cda>", line 1
    ' I'm learning Python! ' # 用 '...'' 宣告的字串有 ''
        ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

"It is a word "test"." # 用 "..." 宣告的字串有 "

File "<ipython-input-20-8d044cdc5263>", line 1
    "It is a word "test"." # 用 "..." 宣告的字串有 "
                   ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

' I\'m learning Python! ' # 用 '...' 宣告的字串有 '

" I'm learning Python! "

"It is a word \"test\"." # 用 "..." 宣告的字串有 "

'It is a word "test".'

str1 = "I'm learning Python! " # 用 "..." 宣告的字串有 '
str2 = 'It is a word "test".'  # 用 '...' 宣告的字串有 "
print(f"str1: {str1}")
print(f"str2: {str2}")

I'm learning Python! 
It is a word "test".

name = "May"
print("Hello " + name + " :)")

gretting = "Hi, " + name  
print(gretting + " :)")

Hello May :)
Hi, Amy!  :)

hi = "Hi. "   # 這是字串 hi
hi3 = hi * 3  # 重覆3次 hi 的內容
print("hi  :", hi) 
print("hi3 :", hi3)

hi  : Hi. 
hi3 : Hi. Hi. Hi.

string = "Emma is there"
print("Emma" in string) # "Emma" 是否在 string 中
print("emma" in string) # "emma" 是否在 string 中

True
False

s = "   hello WORLD.   "
print(f"Original string:          |{s}|")
print(f"After strip():            |{s.strip()}|")
print(f"Capitalize:               |{s.strip().capitalize()}|")
print(f"Title case:               |{s.strip().title()}|")
print(f"To uppercase:             |{s.upper()}|")
print(f"To lowercase:             |{s.lower()}|")
print(f"Center with '*' upto 30:  |{s.center(30, '*')}|")
start_str = ''.join('*' if i % 5 == 0 else '-' for i in range(1, 31))
position_str = ' ' * len("Center with '*':          ") + "|"+start_str+"|"
print(position_str)
print(f"Starts with 'hello':      {s.startswith('hello')}")
print(f"Ends with 'world.' :      {s.endswith('world.')}")
print(f"Position of 'world':      {s.find('world')}")
print(f"Last position of 'o':     {s.rfind('o')}")
print(f"Count of 'l':             {s.count('l')}")
print(f"Is alphabetic:            {s.isalpha()}")
print(f"Is digit:                 {'12345'.isdigit()}")
print(f"Is space:                 {'   '.isspace()}")

Original string:          |   hello WORLD.   |
After strip():            |hello WORLD.|
Capitalize:               |Hello world.|
Title case:               |Hello World.|
To uppercase:             |   HELLO WORLD.   |
To lowercase:             |   hello world.   |
Center with '*' upto 30:  |******   hello WORLD.   ******|
                          |----*----*----*----*----*----*|
Starts with 'hello':      False
Ends with 'world.' :      False
Position of 'world':      -1
Last position of 'o':     7
Count of 'l':             2
Is alphabetic:            False
Is digit:                 True
Is space:                 True

s = "hello world."
print(f"Original string:          {s}\n")
# Group: "Is" functions
print("=== Checking Properties ===")
print(f"Is alphanumeric:          {s.isalnum()}")
print(f"Is lowercase:             {s.islower()}")
print(f"Is uppercase:             {s.swapcase().isupper()}")
print(f"Is digit:                 {'12345'.isdigit()}")
print(f"Is alphabetic:            {s.isalpha()}")
print(f"Is space:                 {'   '.isspace()}\n")
# Group: Positional & Search functions
print("=== Positional & Search ===")
print(f"Starts with 'hello':      {s.startswith('hello')}")
print(f"Ends with 'world.':       {s.endswith('world.')}")
print(f"Position of 'world':      {s.find('world')}")
print(f"Index of 'o':             {s.index('o')}\n")
# Group: Transformation functions
print("=== Transformations ===")
print(f"Swap case:                {s.swapcase()}")
print(f"Join list with ',':       {','.join(['a', 'b', 'c'])}")
splitlines_example = 'Hello\nWorld'.splitlines()
print("Split lines:             ", splitlines_example)

Original string:          hello world.

=== Checking Properties ===
Is alphanumeric:          False
Is lowercase:             True
Is uppercase:             True
Is digit:                 True
Is alphabetic:            False
Is space:                 True

=== Positional & Search ===
Starts with 'hello':      True
Ends with 'world.':       True
Position of 'world':      6
Index of 'o':             4

=== Transformations ===
Swap case:                HELLO WORLD.
Join list with ',':       a,b,c
Split lines:              ['Hello', 'World']

s = "HELLO，WORLD"
print('s :', s)
print('s[0]  ',   s[0])   # 取 index = 0   第一個字 H 
print('s[-11]', s[-11])   # 取 index = -11 第一個字 H
print('s[4]  ',   s[4])   # 取 index = 4   第五個字 O　
print('s[-1] ',  s[-1])   # 取 index = -1  最後一個字 D

s : HELLO，WORLD
s[0]   H
s[-11] H
s[4]   O
s[-1]  D

s = "HELLO,WORLD"
no = "01234567890"
no1 = "10987654321" 
print('s   :', ' '.join(s))
print('+no :', ' '.join(no))
print('-no :', ' '.join(no1), '\n')
print('s[2:5]    ', s[2:5]) # 取 index 2-5 [2,3,4] 第2到第4
print('s[-10:-6] ', s[-10:-6]) # 從 -10 取到 -5
print('s[2:]     ', s[2:]) # 從 index 2到底
print('s[:5]     ', s[:5]) # 從 開頭取到第5
print('s[:-2]    ', s[:-2]) # 從 開頭取到倒數第2

s   : H E L L O , W O R L D
+no : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
-no : 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 

s[2:5]     E L
s[-10:-6]   W O
s[2:]      E L L O , W O R L D
s[:5]      H E L
s[:-2]     H E L L O , W O R L

# Variable Assignment in Python
# Assign a value to a variable using the "=" symbol
x = 10  # Here, 'x' is a variable that is assigned the value 10.

# Variables act as pointers to memory locations
# The variable 'x' points to a memory location holding the value 10.

# Utilize the variable in operations
double_x = x * 2  # Multiply the value of 'x' by 2 and assign to 'double_x'.

# Display the result using the variable
print(double_x)  # This will print 20, which is 10 multiplied by 2.

20

x = 3
y = 3

x = 10
print("x is an integer:", x)

x = 'Hello'
print("x is a string:", x)

x is an integer: 10
x is a string: Hello

a = b = c = 300   # Chained assignment of value 300 to variables a, b, and c
print(a, b, c)    # This will print 300 300 300

300, 300, 300

variable <operator>= expression
    x             +=     5

# Initialize variables
total_items = 0
price_per_item = 50  # in TWD
discount = 0.1  # 10% discount

# User buys 6 items
total_items += 6
total_cost = total_items * price_per_item
total_cost -= total_cost * discount  # Apply discount

print(f"物品數量: {total_items}")
print(f"每件價格: {price_per_item} TWD")
print(f"總價格: {total_cost} TWD")

物品數量: 6
每件價格: 50 TWD
總價格: 270.0 TWD

# Traditional Chinese character in variable name (not recommended but valid)
學生 = "Alice"  # Assigning Alice's name to the variable 學生
user_age = 25
user_email = "alice@example.com"

# Using numbers in variable names
order_1 = "Book"
order_2 = "Laptop"

# List of users (demonstrating snake_case)
user_list = [學生, "Bob", "Charlie"]

# Calculating average age of users (example of a descriptive variable name)
total_age = user_age + 30 + 28  # Ages of Alice, Bob, and Charlie
average_age = total_age / 3

# Translation: Alice's email is {user_email}, and she ordered a {order_1}.
print(f"{學生} 的電子郵件是 {user_email}，她訂購了 {order_1}。")
# Translation: The average age of users is {average_age} years.
print(f"使用者的平均年齡是 {average_age:.2f} 歲。")

Alice 的電子郵件是 alice@example.com，她訂購了 Book。
使用者的平均年齡是 27.67 歲。

print(f"5，記憶體位址是 {hex(id(5))}")
print(f"5.0，記憶體位址是 {hex(id(5.0))}")
print(f"'hello'，記憶體位址是 {hex(id('hello'))}")
print(f"(1, 2, 3)，記憶體位址是 {hex(id((1, 2, 3)))}")
print(f"True，記憶體位址是 {hex(id(True))}")

5，記憶體位址是 0x7885b0880170
5.0，記憶體位址是 0x788596f9edd0
'hello'，記憶體位址是 0x7885973310b0
(1, 2, 3)，記憶體位址是 0x78857af16e40
True，記憶體位址是 0x57d94cfcf420
frozenset([1, 2, 3])，記憶體位址是 0x7885971cedc0

print(f"3，記憶體位址是 {hex(id(3))}")
print(f"5，記憶體位址是 {hex(id(5))}")

3，記憶體位址是 0x7885b0880130
5，記憶體位址是 0x7885b0880170

a = 3
print(f"a 的值是 {a}，記憶體位址是 {hex(id(a))}")
b = 5
print(f"b 的值是 {b}，記憶體位址是 {hex(id(b))}")

a 的值是 3，記憶體位址是 0x7885b0880130
b 的值是 5，記憶體位址是 0x7885b0880170

a = 3
print(f"a 的值是 {a}，記憶體位址是 {hex(id(a))}")  # 這會顯示 'a' 的記憶體位址。
b = 5
print(f"b 的值是 {a}，記憶體位址是 {hex(id(b))}")  # 這會顯示 'b' 的記憶體位址。
a = 8
print(f"a 的值是 {a}，記憶體位址是 {hex(id(a))}")  # 新的記憶體位址，因為 a 現在參考到一個不同的整數。
b = 8
print(f"b 的值是 {a}，記憶體位址是 {hex(id(b))}")  # 新的記憶體位址，因為 b 現在參考到一個不同的整數。

a 的值是 3，記憶體位址是 0x7c165bd38130
b 的值是 3，記憶體位址是 0x7c165bd38170
a 的值是 8，記憶體位址是 0x7c165bd381d0
b 的值是 8，記憶體位址是 0x7c165bd381d0

word = 'Python'
word[0] = 'J'

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-74-ad89e228b316> in <cell line: 2>()
      1 word = 'Python'
----> 2 word[0] = 'J'

TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment

word = 'Python'
new_word = 'J' + word[1:]
print(f"word {word}")
print(f"new word: {new_word}")

# Recreating new_word using join method
new_word_join = ''.join(['J', word[1:]])
print(f"new word: {new_word}")

word Python
new word: Jython
new word: Jython

a = 123    # a is int
b = '456'  # b is str 
print(a+b) # a+b ==> int + str has error

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-3-d3484c5e35e9> in <cell line: 3>()
      1 a = 123    # a is int
      2 b = '456'  # b is str
----> 3 print(a+b) # a+b ==> int + str has error

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'

a = 123         # a is int
b = '456'       # b is str 
print(a+int(b)) # int(b) ==> int + int
print(str(a)+b) # str(a) ==> str + str

579
123456

x = input("What's x? ")
y = input("What's y? ")

z = x + y

print(z)

What's x? 3
What's y? 5
35

x = int(input("What's x? "))
y = int(input("What's y? "))

z = x + y

print(z)

What's x? 3
What's y? 5
8

student_name = '李大中' # 學生名稱
ch_score     = 98      # 國文成績
en_score     = 95      # 英文成績
math_score   = 90      # 數學成績

# 計算總分和平均
total = ch_score + math_score + en_score # 總分
average = total / 3 # 平均

# 顯示學生姓名和成績
print('學生姓名:', student_name)
print('國英數成績:', ch_score, en_score, math_score)
print('平均成績:', average)

學生姓名: 李大中
國英數成績: 98 95 90
平均成績: 94.33333333333333

print('round(59.4)', round(59.4))
print('round(59.5)', round(59.5))
sc = 5954/100
print('sc', sc, 'round(sc)', round(sc))
print('sc', sc, 'round(sc,1)', round(sc, 1))
print('sc', sc, 'round(sc,2)', round(sc, 2))

round(59.4) 59
round(59.5) 60
sc 59.54 round(sc) 60
sc 59.54 round(sc,1) 59.5
sc 59.54 round(sc,2) 59.54

# Shopping List
shopping_list = ["milk", "eggs", "bread", "apples"]

# Bookshelf with Mixed Data Types (Strings and Dictionaries)
bookshelf = [
    "Harry Potter",
    {"title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "author": "J. K. Rowling"},
    "1984",
    {"title": "Nineteen Eighty-Four", "author": "George Orwell"}
]

# Class Scores with Mixed Data Types (Strings and Floats)
class_scores = ["John", 85.5, "Emily", 92.0, "Michael", "Sarah", 89.0]

# Queue at a Bank with Mixed Data Types (Strings and Tuples)
bank_queue = ["Person1", ("Person2", "09:05 AM"), "Person3", ("Person4", "09:15 AM")]

mixed = ['apple', 1, [2, 3], 3.1416]

print(f"mixed type: {type(mixed)}")
for i, item in enumerate(mixed):
    print(f"Item {i} : {str(item):<10} - Type: {type(item)}")

mixed type: <class 'list'>
Item 0 : apple      - Type: <class 'str'>
Item 1 : 1          - Type: <class 'int'>
Item 2 : [2, 3]     - Type: <class 'list'>
Item 3 : 3.1416     - Type: <class 'float'>

mixed = ['apple', 1, [3, 4], 3.1416]

print(f"mixed : {mixed}\n")
for i in range(len(mixed)):
    print(f"mixed[{i}] get {mixed[i]}")

mixed : ['apple', 1, [3, 4], 3.1416]

mixed[0] get apple
mixed[1] get 1
mixed[2] get [3, 4]
mixed[3] get 3.1416

mixed = ['apple', 1, [3, 4], 3.1416]

print(f"mixed : {mixed}\n")
for i in range(-1, -len(mixed)-1, -1):
    print(f"mixed[{i}] get {mixed[i]}")

mixed : ['apple', 1, [3, 4], 3.1416]

mixed[-1] get 3.1416
mixed[-2] get [3, 4]
mixed[-3] get 1
mixed[-4] get apple

mixed = ['apple', 1, [3, 4], 3.1416]

print(mixed[4]) # ???????

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-19-67ede96cbb23> in <cell line: 3>()
      1 mixed = ['apple', 1, [3, 4], 3.1416]
      2 
----> 3 print(mixed[4]) # ???????

mixed = ['apple', 1, [3, 4], 3.1416]
print(f"mixed : {mixed}")
print("First three items              mixed[0:3]   :", mixed[0:3])
print("Items from second to third     mixed[1:3]   :", mixed[1:3])
print("All items except the first     mixed[1:]    :", mixed[1:])
print("All items except the last      mixed[:-1]   :", mixed[:-1])
print("Reversed every second item     mixed[::-2]  :", mixed[::-2])
print("Second to last, reversed       mixed[-2::-1] :", mixed[-2::-1])

mixed : ['apple', 1, [3, 4], 3.1416]
First three items              mixed[0:3]   : ['apple', 1, [3, 4]]
Items from second to third     mixed[1:3]   : [1, [3, 4]]
All items except the first     mixed[1:]    : [1, [3, 4], 3.1416]
All items except the last      mixed[:-1]   : ['apple', 1, [3, 4]]
Reversed every second item     mixed[::-2]  : [3.1416, 1]
Second to last, reversed       mixed[-2::-1] : [[3, 4], 1, 'apple']

mixed = ['apple', 1, [3, 4], 3.1416]
print(f"{'Before:':<26}", mixed)
mixed[0] = 'orange'
afterstr = "After mixed[0] = 'orange':"
print(f"{afterstr:<26}", mixed)

Before:                    ['apple', 1, [3, 4], 3.1416]
After mixed[0] = 'orange': ['orange', 1, [3, 4], 3.1416]

mixed = ['apple', 1, [3, 4], 3.1416]
print(f"{'Before:':<26}", mixed)
mixed[1:3] = [5, 6]
print(f"{'After mixed[1:3] = [5, 6]:':<26}", mixed)

Before:                    ['apple', 1, [3, 4], 3.1416]
After mixed[1:3] = [5, 6]: ['apple', 5, 6, 3.1416]

mixed = ['apple', 1, [3, 4], 3.1416]
print(f"{'Before:':<32}", mixed)
mixed[2:2] = ['berry', 7]
afterstr = "After mixed[2:2] = ['berry', 7]:"
print(f"{afterstr:<32}", mixed)

Before:                          ['apple', 1, [3, 4], 3.1416]
After mixed[2:2] = ['berry', 7]: ['apple', 1, 'berry', 7, [3, 4], 3.1416]

afterstr = "After mixed[2:4] = []:"
width = len(afterstr)+1
mixed = ['apple', 1, [3, 4], 3.1416]
print(f"{'Before:':<{width}}", mixed)
mixed[2:4] = []
print(f"{afterstr:<{width}}", mixed)

Before:                 ['apple', 1, [3, 4], 3.1416]
After mixed[2:4] = []:  ['apple', 1]

# Append
# Description: Add an item to the end of the list.
fruits = ['apple', 'banana']
fruits.append('cherry')
print(fruits)  # ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

# Insert
# Description: Insert an item at a specific position.
fruits.insert(1, 'avocado')
print(fruits)  # ['apple', 'avocado', 'banana', 'cherry']

# Remove
# Description: Remove the first occurrence of a value.
fruits.remove('banana')
print(fruits)  # ['apple', 'avocado', 'cherry']

# Extend
# Description: Extend the list by appending elements from another list.
veggies = ['carrot', 'broccoli']
fruits.extend(veggies)
print(fruits)  # ['apple', 'avocado', 'cherry', 'carrot', 'broccoli']

# Pop
# Description: Remove the item at a specific position and return it. 
# By default, it removes and returns the last item.
popped_item = fruits.pop(3)
print(popped_item)  # 'carrot'
print(fruits)  # ['apple', 'avocado', 'cherry', 'broccoli']

# Index
# Description: Return the index of the first occurrence of a value.
index_of_cherry = fruits.index('cherry')
print(index_of_cherry)  # 2

# Count
# Description: Return the number of times a value appears in the list.
count_avocado = fruits.count('avocado')
print(count_avocado)  # 1

# Sort
# Description: Sort the list in place.
fruits.sort()
print(fruits)  # ['apple', 'avocado', 'broccoli', 'cherry']

# Reverse
# Description: Reverse the list in place.
fruits.reverse()
print(fruits)  # ['cherry', 'broccoli', 'avocado', 'apple']

# Clear
# Description: Remove all items from the list.
fruits.clear()
print(fruits)  # []

# Tuples are made by comma-separating values inside parentheses.
birthdate = ("25th", "December", 2000)
print(birthdate, type(birthdate))

# Without Parentheses
birthdate = "25th", "December", 2000
print(birthdate, type(birthdate))

# Using the tuple() Constructor
date_list = ["25th", "December", 2000]
birthdate = tuple(date_list)
print(birthdate, type(birthdate))

('25th', 'December', 2000) <class 'tuple'>
('25th', 'December', 2000) <class 'tuple'>
('25th', 'December', 2000) <class 'tuple'>

# Correct way to create a single-element tuple
correct_single_element_tuple = ('25th',)
print(f"(using '('25th',)') {correct_single_element_tuple} , \
type: {type(correct_single_element_tuple)}")

# Incorrect way to create a single-element tuple
incorrect_single_element_tuple = ("25th")
print(f"(using '('25th')')  {incorrect_single_element_tuple} ,\
type: {type(incorrect_single_element_tuple)}")

(using '('25th',)') ('25th',) , type: <class 'tuple'>
(using '('25th')')  25th ,type: <class 'str'>

birthdate_with_time = ('25th', 'December', 2000, ('12:00', 'PM'))
print("using nested tuples)")
print("birthdate_with_time = (25th', 'December', 2000, ('12:00', 'PM')")
print(f"birthdate_with_time {birthdate_with_time}")
print(f"birthdate_with_time type: {type(birthdate_with_time)}")

using nested tuples)
birthdate_with_time = (25th', 'December', 2000, ('12:00', 'PM')
birthdate_with_time ('25th', 'December', 2000, ('12:00', 'PM'))
birthdate_with_time type: <class 'tuple'>

birthdate = ("25th", "December", 2000)

# we attempt to modify it
birthdate[1] = "January"

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-29-812b8ae24954> in <cell line: 4>()
      2 
      3 # we attempt to modify it
----> 4 birthdate[1] = "January"

TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

birthdate = ("25th", "December", 2000)
additional_info = ("Male", "A+")

combined_data = birthdate + additional_info

print(f"Concatenated tuple: {combined_data}")

Concatenated tuple: ('25th', 'December', 2000, 'Male', 'A+')

birthdate = ("25th", "December", 2000)

# Check if "December" exists in the tuple
exists_december = "December" in birthdate
print(f"Does 'December' exist in the tuple? {exists_december}")
# Check if "January" exists in the tuple
exists_january = "January" in birthdate
print(f"Does 'January' exist in the tuple? {exists_january}")

# Check if a number exists in the tuple
exists_2000 = 2000 in birthdate
print(f"Does the number 2000 exist in the tuple? {exists_2000}")
# Check if a number doesn't exist in the tuple
not_exists_1999 = 1999 not in birthdate
print(f"Does the number 1999 not exist in the tuple? {not_exists_1999}")

Does 'December' exist in the tuple? True
Does 'January' exist in the tuple? False
Does the number 2000 exist in the tuple? True
Does the number 1999 not exist in the tuple? True

person = {
	"name": "John",
	"age": 25,
	"is_student": False
}

fruits = {
	"Apple"  : "蘋果",
	"Orange" : "橘子",
	"Papaya" : "木瓜"
}

# Accessing items from the 'fruits' dictionary
apple_in_chinese = fruits["Apple"]
orange_in_chinese = fruits.get("Orange")

print(f"Translation for Apple: {apple_in_chinese}")
print(f"Translation for Orange: {orange_in_chinese}")

# Accessing items from the 'person' dictionary
person_name = person["name"]
is_student = person.get("is_student"）
                        
print(f"\nPerson's Name: {person_name}")
print(f"Is the person a student? {'Yes' if is_student else 'No'}")

Translation for Apple: 蘋果
Translation for Orange: 橙子

Person's Name: John
Is the person a student? No

fruits["Banana"] = "香蕉"
fruits["Grape"] = "葡萄"
print(fruits)  
# {'Apple': '蘋果', 'Orange': '橘子', 'Papaya': '木瓜', 'Banana': '香蕉', 'Grape': '葡萄'}

person["gender"] = "male"
person["country"] = "USA"
print(person)  
# {'name': 'John', 'age': 25, 'is_student': False, 'gender': 'male', 'country': 'USA'}

fruits["Papaya"] = "大木瓜"
print(fruits)  
# {'Apple': '蘋果', 'Orange': '橘子', 'Papaya': '大木瓜', 'Banana': '香蕉', 'Grape': '葡萄'}

person["name"] = "Jane"
person["age"] = 30
print(person)  
# {'name': 'Jane', 'age': 30, 'is_student': False, 'gender': 'male', 'country': 'USA'}

fruits = {
	"Apple"  : "蘋果",
	"Orange" : "橘子",
	"Papaya" : "木瓜",
    'Banana': '香蕉'
}

del fruits["Apple"]
print(fruits)  # {'Orange': '橘子', 'Papaya': '木瓜', 'Banana': '香蕉'}

removed_fruit = fruits.pop("Orange")
print(removed_fruit)  # 橘子
print(fruits)  # {'Papaya': '木瓜', 'Banana': '香蕉'}

last_item = fruits.popitem()
print(last_item)  # ('Banana', '香蕉')
print(fruits)  # {'Papaya': '木瓜'}

person = { "name": "John","age": 25,"is_student": False}

# Looping through keys:
for key in person:
    print(f"  key: {key:<5}", end=' ')
print()   

# Looping through values:
for value in person.values():
    print(f"value: {value:<5}", end=" ")
print()   

# Looping through both:
for key, value in person.items():
    print(f"{key}: {value}")

  key: name    key: age     key: is_student 
value: John  value: 25    value: 0     
name: John
age: 25
is_student: False

empty_set = set()

fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

numbers_list = [1, 2, 3, 3, 4]
unique_numbers = set(numbers_list)  # This will remove duplicates

duplicates = {"apple", "banana", "apple"}
print(duplicates)  # Outputs: {"apple", "banana"}

fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
for fruit in fruits:
    print(fruit)

if "apple" in fruits:
    print("Apple is in the set")

num_of_fruits = len(fruits)
print(num_of_fruits)  # Outputs: 3

fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
fruits.add("orange")
# Output: {'apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange'}

fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
fruits.update(["mango", "grapes"])
# Output: {'apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'mango', 'grapes'}

fruits = {'apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'mango', 'grapes'}
fruits.remove("banana")
# Output: {'apple', 'cherry', 'mango', 'grapes'}

fruits = {'apple', 'cherry', 'grapes', 'mango'}
fruits.discard("mango")
# Output: {'apple', 'cherry', 'grapes'}

fruits = {'apple', 'cherry', 'grapes'}
removed_fruit = fruits.pop()
print(f"Removed: {removed_fruit}, Remaining: {fruits}")
# Potential Output: Removed: apple, Remaining: {'cherry', 'grapes'}

fruits.clear()

items = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5]
unique_items = set(items)
print(unique_items)   # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

text = "apple banana apple orange"
words = set(text.split())
print(words)   # Output: {"apple", "banana", "orange"}

# Define a function called 'greet' that takes a single parameter 'name'
def greet(name):
    # Print a greeting message using the provided name
    print(f"Hello, {name}!")

# Define a function called 'greet' that takes a single parameter 'name'
def greet(name):
    # Print a greeting message using the provided name
    print(f"Hello, {name}!")

# Call the 'greet' function and pass the string "Alice" as an argument
greet("Alice")

# Define a function called 'display_message'
def display_message():
    # Print a static message
    print("Welcome to Python Programming!")

# Call the 'display_message' function
display_message()  # Expected output: Welcome to Python Programming!

# Define a function called 'add' that takes two parameters: 'a' and 'b'
def add(a, b):
    # Return the sum of 'a' and 'b'
    return a + b

# Call the 'add' function with arguments 5 and 3, and print the result
print(add(5, 3))  # Expected output: 8

# Define a function called 'full_name' that takes two parameters: 'first_name' and 'last_name'
def full_name(first_name, last_name):
    # Return the concatenated full name using the provided first and last names
    return f"{first_name} {last_name}"

# Call the 'full_name' function with "John" as the first name and "Doe" as the last name, and print the result
print(full_name("John", "Doe"))  # Expected output: John Doe

# Define a function called 'greet' with a default parameter 'name' set to "Guest"
def greet(name="Guest"):
    # Print a greeting message using the provided name or the default value if no name is provided
    print(f"Hello, {name}!")

# Call the 'greet' function without providing an argument, which will use the default value "Guest"
greet()  # Expected output: Hello, Guest!

# Call the 'greet' function with "Alice" as an argument
greet("Alice")  # Expected output: Hello, Alice!

# Define a function called 'print_args' that accepts a variable number of arguments using *args
def print_args(*args):
    # Join all arguments with a space and print them in one line
    print(' '.join(map(str, args)))

# Call the 'print_args' function with multiple arguments
print_args(1, 2, 3)  # Expected output: 1 2 3
print_args("apple", "banana", "cherry")  # Expected output: apple banana cherry

# Define a function that accepts any number of keyword arguments using **kwargs
def print_key_value_pairs(**kwargs):
    # Loop through each keyword argument and print the key-value pair
    for key, value in kwargs.items():
        print(f"{key}: {value}")

# Call the function with two keyword arguments
print_key_value_pairs(brand="Apple", product="iPhone")
# Expected output:
# brand: Apple
# product: iPhone

print_key_value_pairs(subject="Math", grade="A", semester="Spring")
# Expected output:
# subject: Math
# grade: A
# semester: Spring

def calculate_area(length, width):
    '''
    Calculate the area of a rectangle.
    
    Parameters:
    - length (float): The length of the rectangle.
    - width (float): The width of the rectangle.
    
    Returns:
    - float: The area of the rectangle.
    '''
    return length * width

# Example usage
area = calculate_area(5, 3)
print(area)  # Expected output: 15