A Peak Diasporic Gaeldom?

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Estimating Levels of Irish Speaking among the Postfamine American Irish

Nicholas Wolf

Glucksman Ireland House

New York University

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J.J. Lyons, An Gaodhal, July 1887

Image Credit: University of Galway Digital Library

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Irish Immigration to the U.S., 1851-1921

• 3.8 million Irish arrivals (conservative figure)

• 1860: Irish at 5% of U.S. population (1.6 out of 31.4 million)

• 1921: 4.58 million first- and second-generation Irish Americans

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Irish Censuses, 1851-1891

WIlliam Wilde (1815-76)

Image Credits: Wikimedia Commons, ProQuest Parliamentary Papers

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U.S. Censuses, 1910-1920

Image Credit: NARA

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Proportion of Ireland Returned as Irish Speaking in 1851-71 Censuses vs. Equivalent 1881 Census Age Cohorts

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Proportion of 5-Year Arrival Cohorts Reporting Irish as Mother Tongue, 1920 U.S. Census

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Proportion of 5-Year Cohorts Returned as Irish Speaking/Mother Tongue, U.S. and Irish Censuses

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Proportion of 5-Year Cohorts Returned as Irish Speaking/Mother Tongue, U.S. and Irish Censuses

(with trend line)

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Proportion of 5-Year Cohorts Returned as Irish Speaking/Mother Tongue, U.S. and Irish Censuses

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Philo-Celtic Societies and Literacy in Irish

Image Credit: University of Galway DIgital Library

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Philo-Celtic Societies and Literacy in Irish

Image Credits: Library of Congress, HathiTrust

John O'Mahoney (1815-77)

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Eoghan Ó Gramhnaigh, "The Star Spangled Banner" (1900)

Image Credit: Villanova Digital Library

John O'Mahoney (1815-77)

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Paul Mac Swiney, "An Bárd agus an Fó" (1884)

Image Credit: University of Galway Digital Library