Early Middle Ages

Unit 1

Text

Emperor  CONSTANTINE

Moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire

Small kingdoms formed in the Western Roman Empire

  • GERMANIC TRIBES

Visigoths

Suevi, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Saxons/Angles

 

  • Byzantine Empire / Eastern Roman Empire
  • Islamic Empire

(410-711CE)

They invaded Western Roman Empire

and created Germanic Kingdoms

VISIGOTHS and FRANKS came looking for FERTILE LAND and BETTER CLIMATE

Coast of Baltic Sea,

South Scandinavia,

Northern Germany

 and Denmark

In 4th Century -  Tribes from the North came from...

Germanic Migrations

Small kingdoms formed in the Western Roman Empire

Visigoths, Suevis, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Saxons/Angles

Small kingdoms formed in the Western Roman Empire

Roman Emperor Honorius

asked Visigoths

to expel the SUEVIs, VANDALs and ALANs

from the Iberian Peninsula

Visigoths

Sack of Rome in 410CE

Roman Emperor Honorius

gave the VISIGOTHS

most of the Iberian Peninsula and

Aquitaine in France

Visigoths

Capital - TOULOUSE

Visigoths acted as representatives

for the Romans

FRANKS wanted access to the Mediterranean Sea

so

pushed the VISIGOTHS

out of AQUITANE

Visigoths early 6th Century

They moved the capital to TOLEDO

 

Visigoths Glorious Period 509CE to 620 CE

KING LEOVIGILD expanded the Visigothic Kingdom

 

His son RECCARED made the kingdom CHRISTIAN

King Recceswinth

unified the laws

In the 7th Century

Internal fighting

between the different

Visigothic kingdoms

In 711CE Visigothic Kingdom disappeared

after the Muslim invasion of the Iberian Peninsula

San Pedro de la Nave, Campillo, Zamora

One of the most important

Visigothic Churchs

San Pedro de la Nave, Campillo, Zamora

Germanic Kingdoms

Franks / Carolingian Empire Early 6th Century

Early 6th Century CE

Franks expelled VISIGOTHs from Aquitane/southeast Gaul

 

 

Because they wanted

access to the 

Mediterranean Sea

However, ...

By the middle of the 7th Century,

the Frankish kings were weak and lazy

so

they gave most of the power to the 

MAYORS OR THE PALACE (mayordomos)

one of the most important was...

CHARLES MARTEL

(nicknamed - the hammer)

He defeated the Muslim invasion from the Iberian Peninsula

in Battle of Tours (732AD)

 stopping Muslims from invading Frankish kingdom

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Text

In 751 - Pope Zachary crowned him

King of the Franks

youngest son of Charles Martel

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Charles Martel's grandson

In 768 - crowned

King of the Franks

He wanted to

restore the

Western Roman Empire

so he...

  Invaded and conquered LOMBARDS​ in Italy

  Fought and converted SAXONs to Christianity

  Conquered AVARS in Austria and Hungary

  Took territories in Switzerland, and Iberian Peninsula

Charlemagne

1. Divided into counties and marches (borders)

2. United all the Germanic people 

by

converting them to Christianity

and

educating them

and

educating them

Charlemagne

In 800, Pope Leo III crowned him HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR

Louis the Pious

 Charlemagne’s son

In 814-840 King of the Franks

and

Emperor of the West

Charlemagne crowned

his son king

Signed the

TREATY OF VERDUN 

 

Dividing the empire

into three kingdoms.

 

IMPORTANT

beginning of  modern-day

France, Germany and Italy

In 843 -

Louis the Pious's

 three sons

Charles, Louis and Lothair

Palatine Chapel

Aachen, Germany

Palatine Chapel

When did they start to build the cathedral?

How high is the central dome?

Why was the dome above the altar octagonal?

What does the Statue of Charlemagne have in his hand?

What do these things represent?

The Byzantine Empire

395 - 1453CE

The Eastern Roman Empire

/ Byzantine Empire

Capital - Constantinople

Justinian and,

his wife,Theodora

527-565CE

The Byzantine Empire

They ruled the government, army and religious leaders together.

they invaded and conquered

ITALY,

IBERIAN PENINSULA

and NORTH AFRICA

Like Charlemagne,

they wanted to rebuild the Roman Empire

so...

Justinian and his wife, Theodora

They dominated the Mediterraneean Sea

and controlled trade between 

East and West

Justinian recuperated, modernized and

documented on paper Roman Laws

 

The Justinian Code

This document

was called

"INNOCENT UNTIL

PROVEN GUILTY"

Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sofia 

The most important church in the Byzantine Empire

Built in 5 years (532-537CE)

during Justinian reign

Why did the church change

into a mosque (mezquita) ?

What happened to the mosaics?

What changed when the Hagia Sofia

became a mosque, and why?

watch the video and

answer the questions

After JUSTINIAN died

 traditions and religion changed

EAST -WEST SCHISM in 1054CE

GREEK replaced LATIN

as the official language

BYZANTINE / Greek Orthodox CHURCH separated from the ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH

because they didn't recognize the POPE's authority

the OTTOMAN TURKS conquered CONSTANTINOPLE

ending the BYZANTINE EMPIRE

In 1453, almost 1000 years

after its beginning...

Fall of the Byzantine Empire

Fall of the Byzantine Empire

In c.7th-8th MUSLIMS conquered the Mediterranean coast from Syria to Palestine

VISIGOTHS expelled Byzantines from IBERIAN PENINSULA

After Justinian death in 565CE

the Byzantine Empire began to lose territories

In c.6th C

 LOMBARDS invaded ITALY

Islamic Empire

the Religion

  • Each tribe was polytheistic
  • Constantly fighting
  • Shared MECCA as their holy land

Started in Arabian Peninsula

Arabs lived in tribes

Islamic Empire

Who was MUHAMMAD???

Rich merchant from Mecca

 

Knew about JUDAISM

and CHRISTIANITY

 

Spoke about a NEW monotheistic religion - ISLAM

 

Proclaimed himself prophet of ALLAH ( God in Islamic)

Islamic Empire

the Religion

In 622CE

 

 

Muhammad escaped to MEDINA

WHY?????

Rich people of Mecca

were against his teachings

 is the HEGIRA

the first year

 of the Muslim calendar

Islamic Empire

the Religion

In Medina, Muhammad...

Created an army

Returned to MECCA and conquered it in 628CE

Unified different tribes under one religion

Islamic Empire

the Religion

Islamic religion spread

throughout

the ARABIAN PENINSULA

Unified polytheistic tribes

under one religion...

ISLAM

Koran 

Holy book of Islam

  • Mohammad is the the prophet of the only god - ALLAH
  • Pray five times a day
  • Pilgrimmage to MECCA once
  • Fast during RAMADAN
  • Help the poor

FIVE  OBLIGATIONS

ISLAM the Empire

Empire spread

by conquering territories

through holy wars or JIHADS

First 4 Caliphs - direct descendents of MUHAMMAD

CALIPH  ruler of Empire

CALIPHATE territory

ruled by the CALIPH

The MECCA

ISLAM the Empire

ISLAM the Empire

ORTHODOX Caliphate (632-661) capital MEDINA

conquered Syria, Palestine, Persia, Egypt. Fought against the BYZANTINES

ISLAM the Empire

UMAYYAD Caliphate (661-750) capital DAMASCUS

Expanded through Northern Africa, conquered the Iberian Peninsula

ISLAM the Empire

ABBASID Dynasty (750-1258) capital BAGHDAD

Internal fighting weaken the Empire

13th Century the TURKS

became the most powerful in the region

Islamic Society

Created libraries in CORDOBA,

CAIRO and BAGHDAD

Cultivated music and poetry

Islamic Society

GREAT MERCHANTS 

TRADED...

gun powder, the compass and the astrolabe from India and China to Europe

Cloth and spices to Asia

Ivory, gold and slaves from Africa

Metals from Europe

Islamic Society

GREAT SCIENTIST, MATHEMATICIANS and INVENTORS

Introduced the ZERO, Arabic numbers and algebra

Developed advanced SURGERY and ANESTHESIA techniques

Invented the WATERWHEEL, new IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES and new CROPS - rice, oranges and saffron

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By txecor

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